non-nursing theories

MAN (TFN)

1. Non-nursing theories Ed K ieper G. S acdal

2. 2 Human Needs Theory

3. “Human needs are a powerful source of explanation of human behaviour and social interaction. All individuals have needs that they strive to satisfy, either by using the system acting on the fringes or acting as a reformist or revolutionary. Given this condition, social systems must be responsive to individual needs, or be subject to instability and forced change (possibly through violence or conflict).” 3

4. Maslow Burton Rosenberg Max Neef Food, water, shelter (1) Distributive justice Physical Nurturance Subsistence Safety and security (2) Safety, Security Interdependence Protection Belonging or love (3) Belongingness Love Integrity Affection Self-esteem (4) Self-esteem Autonomy Understanding Personal fulfilment (5) Personal fulfilment Play Creation Identity Celebration and mourning Identity Cultural security Spiritual Communion Leisure, Idleness Freedom Freedom Participation Participation 4 Human Needs, as presented by various theorists  

5. 5 Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Maslow’s theory assumes that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behavior toward satisfying upper-level needs. Lower-order needs must be satisfied before a higher-order need begins to control a person’s behavior. A satisfied need ceases to motivate .

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

7. CHANGE THEORY This theory depends on the presence of driving and resistant forces. The driving forces are the change agents who push employees in the direction of change. The resistant forces are employees or nurses who do not want the proposed change. For this theory to be successful, the driving force must dominate the resistant force .

8. Force Field Analysis: Driving Forces Driving Forces are forces that push in a direction that causes change to occur. They cause a shift in the equilibrium towards change.

9. Force Field Analysis: Restraining Forces Restraining forces are forces that counter driving forces. They oppose change. Restraining forces cause a shift in the equilibrium which opposes change

10. Force Field Analysis: Equilibrium Equilibrium is a state of being where driving forces equal restraining forces and no change occurs Equilibrium can be raised or lowered by changes that occur between the driving and restraining forces

11. Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory Consists of three distinct and vital stages: Unfreezing Moving to a new level or Changing Refreezing

12. Systems Theory

13. System A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal. Large systems contain many sub-systems

14. Systems Theory Synergy Interdependence Interconnections within the organization between the organization and the environment Organization as ORGANISM “A set of elements standing in inter-relations”

15. Two Assumptions All phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements. All systems have common patterns, behaviors, and properties that can be understood and used to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena.