Non Renewable Fuels fuels fuels fuels fuel

Fuel

1. EGEE 102 –Energy Conservation
And Environmental Protection
Non-Renewable Fuels
Environmental Impact

2. EGEE 102-Pisupati 2
US Energy Consumption by
Source (1999)Nuclear
8%
Natural
Gas
23%
Petroleum
38%
Coal
23% 15
44
49
1
Wind
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Geothermal
Solar
Renewables, 8%
All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS
Renewables 7.2 QUADS

3. EGEE 102-Pisupati 3
Non Renewable Fuels
•Coal
•Petroleum
•Natural Gas
•Nuclear Fission

4. EGEE 102-Pisupati 4

5. EGEE 102-Pisupati 5
World Coal Consumption
•World coal consumption is projected to
increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to
7.6 billion tons in 2020.
•US annual coal consumption is
approximately 1 billion tons

6. EGEE 102-Pisupati 6
Coal Reserves (M metric
tons)Africa, 67.7
Far East
and
Oceania,
322.2
C & S.
America,
23.7
North
America,
286.6
W. Europe,
99.6E. Europe
& FSU,
288.3
Middle
East, 0.2
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html
US –275.5
World -1088.6

7. EGEE 102-Pisupati 7
Coal Analyses
•Proximate Analysis
•Ultimate Analysis
•Calorific Value

8. EGEE 102-Pisupati 8
Proximate Analysis
•Moisture
•Volatile Matter
•Ash
•Fixed Carbon (obtained by difference)

9. EGEE 102-Pisupati 9
Ultimate Analysis
(elemental composition)
Carbon 60 -96%
Hydrogen 2 -6%
Nitrogen 1-2%
Sulfur 0.5 -5%
Oxygen 1 -30%

10. EGEE 102-Pisupati 10
Calorific Value (Heating
Value)
•Heating or Calorific Value is the amount
of heat released when a unit mass of
fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g)
•Calorific value has implications for
pollution measurements such as SO2
whose emissions are calculated on a lb
per million Btu basis

11. EGEE 102-Pisupati 11
Coal Ranks
•There are 4 general ranks for coals:
•Lignite low rank
•Subbituminous
•Bituminous
•Anthracite High rank

12. EGEE 102-Pisupati 12
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio)
World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 Years
USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Lifetime (of a resource) =Reserves
Annual Use
Note:Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease,
usage is also expected to change
Coal’s Future

13. EGEE 102-Pisupati 13

14. EGEE 102-Pisupati 14

15. EGEE 102-Pisupati 15
Petroleum
•Naturally occurring liquid containing a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons
(molecules made of C and H atoms)
•Also contains few compounds
containing N, S, and O atoms

16. EGEE 102-Pisupati 16
Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm-4%
Oxygen ppm

17. EGEE 102-Pisupati 17
Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)Middle East,
675.6
Africa, 74.9
Far East and
Oceania, 44
W. Europe,
18.8
S. and
Central
America, 89.5
North
America, 55.1
E Europe &
FSU, 58.9
Source: www.bp.com
US –21.8
World –1,016

18. EGEE 102-Pisupati 18
Production and Consumption (mn
bbls/day)
BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000
(http://www.bp.com)
•World
•Production –73
•United States
•Production –9.2
•Consumption –18.9

19. EGEE 102-Pisupati 19

20. EGEE 102-Pisupati 20
One Barrel of Oil (42 US
gallons) produces …
•Gasoline (19.5 Gallons)
•Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2)
•Kerosene (4.1)
•Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)
•Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2)
•Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers (2)
•Total Yield: 44.4 gallons

21. EGEE 102-Pisupati 21
How long can we
depend on Petroleum?
•World =
1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day =
13,967 days= 38.1 years
US
= 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day
= 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate
= 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day
= 2,344 days or 6.4 years

22. EGEE 102-Pisupati 22

23. EGEE 102-Pisupati 23
Natural Gas
WHAT IS IT?
•Principally methane, CH
4, with some
ethane (C
2H
6) and propane (C
3H
8), and
impurities such as CO
2, H
2S, and N
2.
CALORIFIC VALUE
•Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500
Btu/lb)

24. EGEE 102-Pisupati 24
Natural Gas Types
•WET-contains HC
S other than Methane
and ethane
•SOUR-contains H
2S,which is highly
undesirable due to corrosion, and SO
2
formation upon combustion.

25. EGEE 102-Pisupati 25
Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)Far East and
Oceania, 375.4
Africa, 409.7
C. & S.
America, 227.9
North
America, 261.3
W. Europe,
159.5
E. Europe and
FSU, 1947.6
Middle East,
1836.2
US -167 T Cu. ft
World -5210 T cu. ft

26. EGEE 102-Pisupati 26
•US= 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years
•World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years
How long can we
depend on Natural Gas?

27. EGEE 102-Pisupati 27
Utilization-Combustion
Premium Fuel
•Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel
(1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
•No ash in the fuel -no mess
•Easy transportation and no storage
space required
•Better combustion efficiency
•Less CO
2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release

28. EGEE 102-Pisupati 28
Composition Heating Value
Coal CH
0.813,000 Btu/lb
Oil CH
220,000 Btu/lb
Natural Gas CH
422,000 Btu/lb
All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.
1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft
Gas
Comparison of Fossil
Fuels

29. EGEE 102-Pisupati 29
Cost of Energy/MMBtu
for oil
•Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel
•If the price is $22/barrel
•One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 BtuMMBtu
Barrel
x
Barrel
MMBtuperCost
8.5
1
1
22$


30. EGEE 102-Pisupati 30
Cost of Energy per
MMBtu-Natural gas
•Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu. Ft
•Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)
•Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. FtMMBtu
Btu
x
Btu
ftCuone
x
FtCu
MMBtuperCost
6
10
000,1
.
.1000
44.7$


31. EGEE 102-Pisupati 31
Cost of Energy-$/Million
Btu
•Price is given in $/ton. Approximate
average price is $33.26/ton in PA
•Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77
million BTUs/ton

32. EGEE 102-Pisupati 32
US Energy use and
Environmental
Consequences
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
CO
2
CO
SO
2
NO
x
Emissions
Particulate Matter
PM
10
PM
2.5
NH
3

33. EGEE 102-Pisupati 33
US Air Emissions, Mtons
(1999)
Gas Emissions
Carbon Dioxide 1,520
Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NO
x 25.4
SO
2 18.8
Particulate Matter 23.7

34. EGEE 102-Pisupati 34

35. EGEE 102-Pisupati 35
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

36. EGEE 102-Pisupati 36
Nitrogen Oxides (NO
x)
•Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are
precursors to the formation of ground level
ozone and thereby to photochemical smog
•Precursors to the formation of acid rain
•Long-term exposures to NO
2may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection and may cause permanent
alterations in the lung.

37. EGEE 102-Pisupati 37
Carbon Monoxide
•Product of incomplete combustion
•Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream
•Particularly dangerous to persons with
heart disease.

38. EGEE 102-Pisupati 38
Sulfur Dioxide
•High concentrations of SO
2can result in
temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic
children and adults
•in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in
the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of
existing cardiovascular disease.
•Together, SO
2and NO
xare the major
precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
•major precursor to PM
2.5, which is a
significant health concern

39. EGEE 102-Pisupati 39
Particulate Matter
•Health effects
•Visibility impairment
•Atmospheric deposition
•Aesthetic damage

40. EGEE 102-Pisupati 40
Additional Resources
•http://www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd00/
•http://www.eia.doe.gov
•http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/
•http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
•http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/gooduphi
gh/
•http://www.epa.gov/air/concerns/#smog