Nose Bleeding, Severe Bleeding & Burns.pptx

Nose Bleeding, Severe Bleeding & Burns definition, cause & treatment,

1. +Definition, Cause & Treatment Nose Bleeding, Severe Bleeding & Burns

2. Nose Bleeding Epistaxis or a nosebleed is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose, usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils. Sometimes in more severe cases, the blood can come up the nasolacrimal duct and out from the eye. Fresh blood and clotted blood can also flow down into the stomach and cause nausea and vomiting.

3. Two Types of Nosebleed: Anterior nosebleed The bleeding originates from the lower nasal septum (nasal partition - the wall between the two nostrils). This part of the nose contains many delicate blood vessels that receive blood from the carotid arteries, two principal arteries in the front of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck. The slightest knock or bump can cause these vessels to bleed. Anterior nosebleeds are easily treated at home. This is likely to be the type of nosebleed seen in a child. Posterior nosebleed The bleeding originates further back and higher up the nose where artery branches supply blood to the nose, which is why it is heavier. Posterior nosebleeds are often more serious than anterior nosebleeds and may require medical attention. They are more common in adults.

4. Causes of nosebleed: +Blowing your nose hard - also blowing your nose too frequently. +Picking the inside of your nose - especially if this is done often, if the fingernails are long, and if the inside of the nose is already irritated or tender. +A knock or blow to the nose - could damage the delicate blood vessels of the mucous membrane. +Sinusitis - an inflammation of the sinuses (air-filled cavities of the bone and skull surrounding the nose) +A cold or flu - this could be for various reasons. Partly because people with colds and flu blow their nose more often - nose blowing raises the risk of nosebleeds. The inside of the nose may be irritated and tender during a vital infection, making it more susceptible to bleeding. +Climate - hot climates with low humidity or changes from bitter cold to warm, dry climates can cause drying and cracking inside the nose, which can lead to a nosebleed.

5. What are the treatment options for a nosebleed? +The first step to stopping any nosebleed is always the same: stop the bleeding. This can be done by complying with the following steps: +Sit down and pinch the soft parts of your nose firmly, breathing through your mouth. +Lean forward, not backward, in order to prevent the blood from draining into your sinuses and throat, which can result in inhaling the blood or gagging. +Sit upright so that your head is higher than your heart to reduce blood pressure and consequently stop further bleeding. +Continue putting pressure on the nose, leaning forward, and sitting upright for a minimum of five minutes and up to 20 minutes so that the blood clots. If bleeding persists for more than 20 minutes, medical attention is required. +Apply an ice pack to your nose and cheek to soothe the area and try not to strain you for the next few days.

6. Pictures how to treat a nosebleed:

7. +Avoid picking your nose. +Apply lubricating ointment, such as petroleum jelly (Vaseline), inside your nose; especially in children whose nosebleeds are most commonly attributed to crusting inside the nostrils. +Avoid blowing your nose too hard, or too frequently. +Use a humidifier at high altitudes or in dry climates. +If you are prescribed anticoagulants (blood-thinning medications) discuss your concerns with your physician. +To prevent recurring nosebleeds, avoid exerting or straining yourself for a minimum of one week after the previous one. How can a nosebleed be prevented?

8. Severe Bleeding Severe bleeding involves loss of large amount of blood. This may occur externally through natural openings, like mouth. A cut on the skin too can lead to bleeding. Internal bleeding occurs due to an injury to blood vessel.

9. Causes of Severe Bleeding: Accidents/Falls Blow to the head Injuries, like scalp wounds Certain medications Illnesses like a. Hemophilia b. Scurvy c. Cancer d. Thrombocytopenia e. A plastic Anemia f. Leukemia g. Hemorrhage h. Peptic Ulcer i. Platelet Disorder j. Liver Disease k. Septicemia

10. Procedure on how to stop severe bleeding: +Have the injured person lie down and cover the person to prevent loss of body heat. If possible, position the person's head slightly lower than the trunk or elevate the legs and elevate the site of bleeding. +While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt or debris from the wound. Don't remove any large or more deeply embedded objects. Your principal concern is to stop the bleeding. +Apply pressure directly on the wound until the bleeding stops. Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and hold continuous pressure for at least 20 minutes without looking to see if the bleeding has stopped. Maintain pressure by binding the wound tightly with a bandage or clean cloth and adhesive tape. Use your hands if nothing else is available. +Don't remove the gauze or bandage. If the bleeding continues and seeps through the gauze or other material you are holding on the wound, don't remove it. Instead, add more absorbent material on top of it. +Squeeze a main artery if necessary. If the bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure, apply pressure to the artery delivering blood to the area. Pressure points of the arm are on the inside of the arm just above the elbow and just below the armpit. Pressure points of the leg are just behind the knee and in the groin. Squeeze the main artery in these areas against the bone. Keep your fingers flat. With your other hand, continue to exert pressure on the wound itself. +Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped. Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the emergency room as soon as possible.

11. Burn A burn is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When damage penetrates into some of the underlying layers, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone.

12. Degrees of Burn At temperatures greater than 44 °C (111 °F), proteins begin losing their three-dimensional shape and start breaking down. This results in cell and tissue damage. Many of the direct health effects of a burn are secondary to disruption in the normal functioning of the skin. They include disruption of the skin's sensation, ability to prevent water loss through evaporation, and ability to control body temperature. Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.

13. Causes of Burns +Contact with fire +Inflammable liquid or gas burn +Electricity burn +Chemical burns +Sunburns +Therapeutic burns (as in operation, laser etc ) +Burns due to contact of skin with extreme hot materials, like frying pan, oven's grill, etc +Radiation +Scalds from steam, hot bath water, tipped-over coffee cups, cooking fluids, and so on

14. Treatment for Burns +First-degree burns Symptoms *Injuries are superficial / mild *Swelling& redness of the injured area *Pain develops *No blisters seen *Burned area becomes white on touch *Takes 3-6 days to heal +Treatments for First-degree burns *Remove patient from heat source *Remove the burnt clothing *Run cool water over burnt area *Gently clean the injured area *Gently dry *Apply anti biotic such as Silver Sulphadiazine *Use a sterile bandage to cover burns *Take tetanus vaccination, if required

15. +Second-degree burns Symptoms *Burns extends to middle skin layer, dermis *Swelling, redness and pain observed *Burnt area may turn white on touch *Blisters develop, that ooze a clear fluid *Scars may develop *Restricts movement, if injury occurs at joint *Dehydration may occur *Healing time varies, depends on extent of injury +Treatment for Second-degree burns *Clean the affected area thoroughly *Gently dry *Apply antibiotic cream over affected area *Make the patient lie down *Keep burnt body part at a raised level *Skin graft may be required *Physical therapy may be essential to aid mobility *Splints may be used to rest affected joints *Hospitalization is essential

16. +Third-degree burns Symptoms *Damage occurs to all 3 skin layers *Destroys adjacent hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings *Lack of pain due to destroyed nerves *Injured area does not turn white on touch *Swelling occurs *Skin develops leathery texture *Discoloration of skin observed *Scars develop *Dehydration occurs resulting in shock +Treatment for Third-degree burns *Requires immediate hospital care *Dehydration treated through intravenous fluid supply *Oxygen is administered *Periodically run clean cool water over burns *Nutritious diet helps to heal quickly *Regular monitoring essential *Mental Depression treated by anti-depressants