Note of Haenatology of Bloodnote for teku.pptx

Blood

1. Blood

2. is liquid connective tissue. Color: Arterial blood: Scarlet Red Venous blood: Purple Red Volume: average 5 L Reaction: slightly alkaline

3. Composition of blood Plasma: 55% Blood cells: 45% Water : 92% Gases Solid: 8% Organic Inorganic Plasma Protein (Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen) Enzymes (Lipase, Amylase) Waste product: uric acid, urea, creatinine Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, TG, Cholesterol Hormones (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Cl - , Zn, Fe, Cu)

4. Hematology analyzer

5. Function of blood: Nutritive function (carry nutrition form GI tract to various tissues) Respiratory function Excretory function (carry waste products from tissue to excretory organs) Transport of hormones and enzymes Regulation of Acid Base balance (plasma protein and Hemoglobin acts as buffer) Regulation of water balance

6. Regulation of body temperature Storage function Defensive function (WBC are responsible for defense of the body)

7. Erythrocyte (RBC) red due to presence of coloring pigment called hemoglobin. vital role plays in transport of respiratory gases. Count: male: 5 millions/cu mm female: 4.5 millions/ cu mm Size: 7.2 μ m in diameter Shape: biconcave disk shaped Structure: non-nucleated, mitochondria absent Life span: 120 days

8. Hemoglobin Heme + globin Iron containing pigment called Porphyrin Porphyrin is formed by four pyrole ring Four polypeptide chain Normal value: 12-16 gm%

9. Function of RBC: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide Acid-Base balance Blood group determination

10. WBC (Leukocytes) Colorless, nucleated, larger in size and their number is less compared to that of RBCs. Classification: Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocytes Monocytes

11. Neutrophil Cytoplasm contains fine granules which takes both acidic and basic stains thus granules appear violet in color. Nucleus multilobed (2-5). Diameter 10-12 μ. Ameboid in character. Phagocytosis, chemotaxis

12. Eosinophil Coarse granules, nucleus bilobed & spectacle shaped. Diameter 12-14 μ. Release enzymes that destroy parasite Pink orange with eosin

13. Basophil Coarse granules, stain purple blue with methylene blue. nucleus bilobed Diameter 8-10 μ Secrete histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin

14. Lymphocyte Nucleus oval or kidney shaped covering whole of the cytoplasm Depending upon the size Large lymphocyte (10-12 μ) Small lymphocyte (7-10 μ) T-lymphocyte B-lymphocyte

15. Monocyte Largest leucocyte (14-18 μ Nucleus kidney shaped or horse shoe shaped Differentiate into tissue macrophage.

16. Total leucocyte count (TLC): 4000-11000/cu mm DC count: Neutrophil 50-70% Eosinophil 2-4% Basophil 0-1% Monocyte 2-6% Lymphocyte 20-30%

17. Platelets (Thrombocytes) Small, colorless, non-nucleated, 2.5 μ diameter Oval, rod, spherical shaped 150,000-400,000/cu. mm Function: blood clotting

18. Blood Groups (ABO Blood Groups) Determined by protein molecules present on the surface of RBCs. Based on immunological reaction called agglutination Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Landsteiner found two antigens or agglutinogens in RBCs and named them as A antigen and B antigen and corresponding antibodies or agglutin's in the serum called anti A and anti B.

19. Based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B , blood is divided into Four groups. A group B group AB group O group

20. Rh factor Important antigen present in RBC First discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener Named so becz it was first discovered in rhesus monkey Many Rh antigens but only the D is more antigenic. Rh positive and Rh negative

21. Hemostasis Process by which the body stops bleeding upon injury of blood vessel. Stages of hemostasis: When a blood vessel is injured, the injury initiates a series of reactions, resulting hemostasis. 3 stages: Vasoconstriction Platelet plug formation Coagulation of blood

22. Vasoconstriction: Immediately after injury, blood vessel constricts and decreases the loss of blood from damaged portion. Causes: Local myogenic spasm Nervous reflexes Secretion of serotonin from activated platelets

23. Platelets plug formation: When blood vessels are cut, endothelium is damaged and collagen is exposed. Platelets get adhered to the collagen of ruptured blood vessels. Adherence of platelets to the collagen is accelerated by Von Willebrand factor. Activated platelets secrete ADP and Thromboxane A2 These two substances attract more platelets that aggregate together under PAF (Platelets activating factors) to form loose platelets plug which prevent further blood loss.

24. Coagulation of blood: Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin. Fibrin threads get attached to the loose platelets plug, which blocks the ruptured part of blood vessels and prevent further blood loss completely.

25. Coagulation of blood is the process in which blood looses its fluidity and becomes a jelly like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container.

26. Blood clotting occurs in 3 steps: Formation of Prothrombin activator Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

27. Stage 1: Formation of prothrombin activator is formed by two ways 1. Extrinsic pathway 2. Intrinsic pathway

28. Thrombosis: Coagulation of blood inside the blood vessel results in formation of solid mass in circulation is called thrombosis.

29. Causes of Thrombosis

30. Deep Vein Thrombosis

31. (Von Willebrand disease) (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)

32. Hemophilia A Disease of coagulation disorders (Royal Disease)