NOUNS- Classification of Nouns & Gender.pptx

Nouns & classifications of Nouns-Noun Gender.

1. English Grammar Topic:Nouns Dr.T.Ramesh Babu Associate Professor KSRMCE, Kadapa

2. Introduction: Depending on the function of words in a sentence, words are divided into different kinds of classes called parts of speech. They are eight in number. Noun, pronoun , adjective, verb , adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. Noun: A noun is a word used to name of a person, place or thing. Ex: Raj, Boy, Rani, Cuddapah, Delhi, Milk, Sugar

3. There are five kinds of nouns. Four of them are called Concrete nouns because they can be seen and touched. The other one is called Abstract noun because which can not be seen or touched.

4. Nouns Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Material Noun

5. Proper Nouns A name given to a SPECIFIC person, place or thing. In English, proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns do not normally have a determiner before them (e.g. the London, the Mary etc.) though there are some exceptions. (e.g. Is she the Rani that we met at the Seminar?). Ex: 1. Rama was a great king. 2. India is traditional country. 3. The Tajmahal is a beautiful monument.

6. Common Nouns Common nouns are used to name a GENERAL type of person, place or thing. Names of persons, places and things which can be shared by other members of the same community are called Common nouns. Examples of common nouns: girl, teacher,town,city, animal, friend, house, food.

7. Collective Nouns Names given collectively to a group of persons, things etc., are called Collective nouns. They are group names. Ex: Class, army, team, bunch, bouquet, fleet, herd etc. Material Noun Names given to quantities of material which can be either measured or weighed are called Material NOUNS. Ex: Gold, silver, sugar, rice, milk, cotton.

8. Abstract Noun Names given to ideas, feelings, expressions etc., are called Abstract nouns. These nouns can not be seen with the naked eye. Ex: Beauty, courage, anger, wisdom, love, happiness etc.

9. The nouns are further classified into ‘countable’ and ‘uncountable’ based on the nature of the objects or people. Countable Nouns Countable nouns are nouns that CAN be counted. They have a singular and a plural form and can be used with a number. Sometimes countable nouns are called count nouns . Examples of countable nouns: car, desk, cup, house, bike, eye, butterfly.

10. Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns are nouns that CANNOT be counted. These are sometimes called Mass Nouns. Uncountable nouns often refer to: substances: paper, wood, plastic liquids: milk, oil , juice gases: air, oxygen abstract ideas: happiness, time, information Examples of uncountable nouns: water, coffee, cheese, sand, furniture, skin, wool, gold, fur.

11. Noun-Number There are two numbers in English. The Singular Number denotes one person or thing and the Plural Number denotes more than one person or thing. Generally Singular Nouns are followed by singular verbs and Plural Nouns, by plural verbs. There are different ways of forming the Plural Number. Most of the Nouns form their plural form by the addition of ‘s’. Ex: table - tables, chair- chairs, house - houses, bag - bags, cot - cots etc.

12. Nouns ending with s, sh, ch, z, x take ‘es’ to form plurals. Ex: gas -gases , branch - branches, dash -dashes, bush - bushes, ranch - ranches, pass - passes, box -boxes, church - churches, fox -foxes etc. Nouns ending with y, followed by a consonant, change ‘y’ into ‘ies’ to form plurals. Ex: city- cities, ally -allies, folly- follies, variety- varieties, story - stories, rally -rallies, lorry -lorries etc.

13. Nouns ending with y, followed by a vowel, change ‘y’ into ‘s’ to form plurals. Ex: key-keys, boy-boys, toy-toys, storey- storey- storeys, journey - journeys, valley- valleys etc. Nouns ending with ‘o’, followed by a consonant, generally form plurals by the addition of ‘es’. Ex: mango- mangoes, hero -heroes, Negro- Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato -tomatoes, mosquito- mosquitoes, buffalo-buffaloes, echo-echoes etc.

14. Nouns ending with ‘o’ , followed by a vowel, generally form plurals by the addition of ‘s’. Ex: cuckoo-cuckoos, radio-radios, studio -studios, folio- folios, bamboo- bamboos zoo-zoos etc. Some nouns become plurals by changing their internal vowel. Ex: man- men, woman- women, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, mouse- mice, goose-geese etc.

15. Nouns ending with ‘f’ or ‘fe’ form plurals by changing them into ‘ves’ . Ex: wife- wives, leaf-leaves, loaf-loaves, half-halves, knife- knives, thief- thieves etc. Some nouns ending with fe, ief, ff, rf, oof, eef, take ‘s’ to form plurals. Ex: safe- safes, cafe-cafes, strife-strifes, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, chief-chiefs, belief-beliefs, kerchief-kerchiefs, cliff-cliffs, scarf-scarfs, reef-reefs etc.

16. Some nouns have old English plurals. Ex: ox-oxen, child-children, brother-brethren etc. Compound nouns form plurals by using the plural of the principal word. Ex: mother-in-law -mothers -in-law son-in-law - sons-in-law brother-in-law - brothers-in-law passer -by - passers -by

17. hanger- on - hangers -on man-of-war - men-of-war footman - footmen major-general -major- generals Governor-General - Governors-General Some compound nouns take double plurals. Ex: Man-servant - Men -servants Woman-servant - women-servants

18. Some scientific or technical words of Latin origin take ‘s’ to form plurals. Ex: dynamo-dynamos, piano-pianos,canto-cantos etc. Some foreign plurals do not follow the above -mentioned norms. Ex: formula-formulae or formulas, larva-larvae, vertebra-vertebras or vertebrae. Alumnus-alumni, focus- foci or focuses, fungus -fungi or funguses, nucleus-nuclei, radius -radii, stimulus- -stimuli, curriculum-curricula or curriculums; datum-data, medium-media, memorandum-memoranda or memorandums, opex-opexes.

19. Index-indexes or indices, appendix-appendixes or appendices, axis - axes, analysis -analyses, basis -bases, crisis - crises, neurosis- neuroses, ellipsis-ellipses, thesis-these, criterion- criteria, phenomenon- phenomena etc. Some nouns have the same form in singular and plural both. Ex: species,series, corps, bison, deer, crossroads, cod, ect.

20. Singular Plural Singular Plural advice advice kennels kennels aircraft aircraft knowledge knowledge baggage baggage means means bison bison moose moose cod cod music music crossroads crossroads news news deer deer offspring offspring dice dice public public

21. dozen dozen salmon salmon fish fish** scenery scenery furniture furniture series series grouse grouse sheep sheep gymnastics gymnastics species species headquarters headquarters staff staff information information swine swine

22. Noun Gender Gender means kind or sort. It expresses the sex of a noun. There are four genders. Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes male sex is said to be of the Masculine gender. Ex: boy, man, hero, sultan, monk, brother, bull.

23. 2. Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes female sex is said to be of the Feminine gender. Ex: girl, woman, heroine, sultana, nun, sister, cow. 3. Common Gender: A noun that is used both for the male sex and the female sex is said to be of the Common gender. Ex: friend, child, doctor, neighbour, teacher, lawyer, student, singer, dancer.

24. 4. Neuter gender: A noun that is used for lifeless objects is said to be of the Neuter gender. Ex: book, stone, chair, pen, gold, table, cot, ring , vehicle etc. WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE GENDER By using different words. Ex: boy- girl, king- queen, brother - sister, man- woman, bull-cow, horse -mare.

25. By adding ‘ess’ to the masculine. Ex: heir-heiress, actor-actress, host-hostess, master-mistress, count-countess, baron-baroness, lion-lioness etc. By adding a word indicating sex before or after the main word. Ex: he-goat - she-goat, man-servant- maid-servant, milk-man- milk-maid, land-lord - land-lady, pea-cock-pea-hen,cock-sparrow-hen-sparrow etc.

26. There are some miscellaneous words that indicate the gender. Ex: hero-heroine, fox-vixen, widower-widow, Czar-Czarina, Sultan-Sultana, bridegroom-bride.

27. The End