Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Articles

Information from the Grammar and Composition Handbook -Grade 10

1. Nouns P. 93 NOUN = A word that names a person, a place, a thing (animals), or an idea. Ex. Bob throws a football with great accuracy at the park.

2. People Places Things Ideas autonomy Mexico rosettes hips responsibilities hope raggedy shoes canteen feet goblet Sally cumulus nuns poverty mango Esperanza sphinx street puberty Practice: Write the following nouns under each category

3. Singular Plural Compound Concrete Abstract Common Proper Collective Possessive Types of Nouns

4. SINGULAR NOUNS = name one person, place, thing, or idea. PLURAL NOUNS = name more than one person, place, thing, or idea. for most nouns add - s nouns ending in s, ch , sh , x, or z add – es nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y to i and add – es . for nouns ending with f or fe , change the f to v and add –s or – es . irregular plurals nouns that do not change Singular and Plural Nouns P. 93

5. leaf- dish- watch- fly- wolf- responsibility- foot- street- Practice: Write the plural form of the following words letter train creek Glove chick leaf shelf moose leaves dishes watches flies wolves responsibilities feet streets letters trains creeks Gloves chicks leaves shelves moose

6. COMPOUND = a noun made of two or more words. open : gray fox, press secretary, line of sight hyphenated : mother-in-law, tenth-grader closed : folksinger, headlight, postmaster CONCRETE = names an object that occupies space or can be recognized by any of the senses ABSTRACT = names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic Compound, Concrete, and Abstract Nouns P. 95

7. city ____________________ lake ____________________ day ____________________ athlete ____________________ restaurant ____________________ President ____________________ holiday ____________________ month ____________________ planet ____________________ actor ____________________ COMMON= the general name of a person, place, thing, or idea PROPER= the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea Practice: Write a proper name for each common noun Common and Proper Nouns P. 96

8. COLLECTIVE: singular in form but names a group Practice: I dentify each collective noun. Label it S if it’s singular and P if it’s plural. The decorating committee disagree about everything. The couple in the film were Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks. The mob is howling outside the gates of the embassy. Ideally, a union represents all the workers. Every night, the audience gives the play a standing ovation. We like to harmonize at out house, and the family sing all the different parts. In this story, an entire class decides to volunteer at a homeless shelter. Collective Nouns P. 97

9. POSSESSIVE FORM: shows possession , ownership, or the general relationship between two nouns. Possessive Nouns P. 94 Add ’s (apostrophe s) to form the possessive of all singular nouns. When a plural noun ends with an s or z sound, the possessive may be formed by adding just an apostrophe. EXAMPLE: the lids from the containers the containers ’ lids Add apostrophe and –s to form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s .

10. Possessive Nouns the benefits of the company the spoons belong to the ladies the pay of the workers the music of Coldplay the armies of Napoleon Practice: Write the possessive form. the company’s benefits the ladies’ spoons The workers’ pay Coldplay’s music Napoleon’s armies

11. Action Verbs Transitive: followed by a direct object (answers the questions what or whom ) Intransitive: not followed by a direct object --Thomas Morris, an Australian athlete, once skipped rope from Melbourne to Adelaide, Australia. --Manuel, the head chef of the finest restaurant in the hotel, baked fourteen different kinds of cakes for the wedding reception. A word that expresses action or state of being and is necessary to make a statement. Verbs P.107-108

12. P.108-109 Linking Verbs does not show action. Links the subject with a noun, pronoun, adjective. * Be in all its forms- am, is, are, was, were- is the most commonly used. Auxiliary Verbs accompanies the main verb may express time or emphasize meaning. Look Remain Seem Became Stay Grow Appear Sound Taste Smell Feel turn Forms of be Am, is, are, was, were, being, been Forms of have Has, have, had, having Other auxiliaries Can, could, do, does, did, may, might, shall, should, Must, will, would EXAMPLE : The players are ready. The salad tastes good. EXAMPLE : We will need vegetables gardens. I should be leaving.

13. Adjectives P.110-111 A word that modifies a noun or a pronoun by limiting its meaning. An adjective tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples: red barn interesting poem these ideas * Possessive (my, our, your, his, her, its, and their) and demonstrative (this, that, these, and those) pronouns and possessive nouns (‘s) can also serve as adjectives when they modify nouns. Examples : my kitten [possessive adjective] those bicycles [demonstrative adj.] Lucy’s report. [possessive noun acting as adj.] leather shoes [noun acting as adj.]

14. Adjectives P.110-111 Verbs can also serve as adjectives. Examples: a spinning top some burned toast P.112- 113 The adjective can be in various position depending on the word it modifies. How suspenseful this movie is! The movie is suspenseful . The movie, relentlessly suspenseful , ended suddenly.

15. Adjectives P.110-111 P.112- 113 Practice: identify the adjective and the word it modifies The shrew is a small, ferocious mammal. Delicate white curtains hung at the tall windows of our old house. Marcus was not paying close attention, and he fell through the cracked ice on the lake. In the empty house, dried flowers hung on the faded yellow wall. The flowers are amazingly beautiful in the bright sunlight.

16. Articles a , an, the P.113 a , an= indefinite articles They can refer to any noun (person, place, thing, or idea) Example: He found a n I Pod . Bryan gave Sandra a r ing. I have a u sed computer. He found the IP od. Bryan gave Sandra the ri ng. I have the u sed computer. i ndefinite definite