Nuclear Battery presentation topic ppt presentation

Nuclear Battery seminar presentation topic ppt

1. NUCLEAR
BATTERY

2. Content
►Introduction
►Evolution
►Thermal converter
►Non Thermal converter
►Application
►Advantages
►Disadvantages
►Conclusion

3. Introduction
►The term nuclear battery describes a device which uses
energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to
generate electricity.
► Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic
energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction. 
►Also known as  Atomic Battery, Tritium Battery and
Radioisotope Generator

4. Evolution
►Nuclearbatterytechnologybeganin1913,when Henry
Moseley first demonstrated the beta cell. 
►Thefieldreceivedconsiderablein-depthresearchattentionfor
applicationsrequiringlong-lifepowersourcesforspaceneeds
during the 1950s and 1960s.
►In1954 RCA (RadioCorporationofAmerica)researchedasmall
atomic battery for small radio receivers and hearing aids.

7. Conversion Techniques
Conversion techniques can be grouped into two types :
►Thermal: whose output power is a function of a temperature
differential.
►Non-thermal: whose output power is not a function of a
temperature difference.

8. Thermal converters
►Thermionic converter
►Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
►Thermo photovoltaic cells
►Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter
►Stirling radioisotope generator 

9. Thermionic converter
►Athermionicconverterconsistsofahotelectrodewhich
thermionicallyemitselectronsoveraspacechargebarriertoa
cooler electrode, producing a useful power output.
►Caesium vaporisusedtooptimizetheelectrode work
functions andprovideanionsupply(by surfaceionization)to
neutralize the electron space charge.

10. Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
►A thermoelectric converter uses  thermocouples.
►Eachthermocoupleisformedfromtwowiresofdifferentmetals
(or other materials).
►Atemperaturegradientalongthelengthofeachwire
producesavoltagegradientfromoneendofthewiretothe
other.

11. A photograph of the RTG that NASA's Apollo 14 mission carried to the Moon.
The RTG is the gray colored device with cooling fins. 

12. Thermo Photovoltaic Cells
►Thermophotovoltaic cells work by the same principles as
a photovoltaic cell, except that they convert infrared light
(rather than visible light) emitted by a hot surface, into
electricity.
►Thermophotovoltaic cells have an efficiency slightly higher
than thermoelectric couples and can be overlaid on
thermoelectric couples, potentially doubling efficiency. 

13. Alkali-metal Thermal To Electric
Converter
►The alkali-metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) is
an electrochemical system which is based on
the electrolyte used in the sodium-sulfur battery, sodium
beta-alumina. 
►Efficiency of AMTEC cells has reached 16% in the laboratory
and is predicted to approach 20%.

14. Stirling Radioisotope Generator 
►A Stirling engine driven by the temperature difference
produced by a radioisotope. 
►New developments have led to the creation of a more
efficient version, known as an Advanced Stirling Radioisotope
Generator.

15. Non-thermal Converters
►Direct charging generators
►Betavoltaics
►Alphavoltaics
►Optoelectric
►Reciprocating Electromechanical Atomic Batteries

16. Direct Charging Generators
►The primary generator consists of a capacitor which is
charged by the current of charged particles from a
radioactive layer deposited on one of the electrodes. 
►Spacing can be either vacuum or dielectric. 

17. Betavoltaics
►Betavoltaics are generators of electrical current, in effect a
form of battery, which use energy from a radioactive source
emitting beta particles (electrons).
►A common source used is the hydrogen isotope, tritium.
►Betavoltaics use a non-thermal conversion process, using
a semiconductor p-n junction.

18. Comparison of Lithium AA battery with conceptual Betavoltic power source

19. Alphavoltaics
►Alphavoltaic power sources are devices that use a
semiconductor junction to produce electrical particle from
energetic alpha particles.
Optoelectric
►A beta-emitter (such as technetium-99) would stimulate
an excimermixture, and the light would power a photocell. 
► Precision electrode assemblies are not needed, and most
beta particles escape the finely-divided bulk material to
contribute to the battery's net power.

20. Reciprocating Electromechanical Atomic
Batteries
►Electromechanical atomic batteries use the build up of charge
between two plates to pull one bendable plate towards the
other, until the two plates touch, discharge, equalizing the
electrostatic buildup, and spring back.
►The mechanical motion produced can be used to produce
electricity through flexing of a piezoelectric material or through
a linear generator. 

21. Self-Reciprocating piezoelectric Cantilever

22. Radioisotopes used
Atomic batteries use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta
particles or
sometimes alpha particles of varying energies.
►Tritium
►Nickel-63
►Promethium-147
►Technetium-99
►Plutonium-238
►Curium-242
►Curium-244
►Strontium-90 
Teste
d
Used

23. Applications
They have extremely long life and high energy density, and so they are
mainly
used as power sources for equipment that must operate unattended for long
periods of time, such as 
►Spacecraft
►Pacemakers
►underwater systems
►automated scientific stations in remote parts of the world.

24. Advantages
►Life span- minimum of decades.
►Reliable electricity.
►Amount of energy obtained is very high.
►Lighter with high energy density.
►Less waste generation.
►Reduces green house and associated effects.
►Fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.

25. Disadvantages
►High initial cost of production as its in the experimental stage.
►Energy conversion methodologies are not much advanced.
►Regional and country-specific laws regarding use and disposal of
radioactive fuels.
►To gain social acceptance.

26. Conclusion
Clearly the current research of nuclear batteries shows promise in
future applications for sure. With implementation of this new
technology credibility and feasibility of the device will be
heightened.

27. Thank You