nuclear fission and fusion

a topic related to power plant engineering.

1. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING TOPIC: NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION PREPARED BY: SUBMITTED TO: 130010119047 PROF . BALA DUTT (YASH A. LAD) (MECH. ENGG DEPT .) (ME-O8) 1

2. CONTENT: History Definition of fission & fusion P rocess of These System Energy Comes From Fission & Fusion Chain Reaction Usage

3. History : Hahn & Strassman In 1939 They First Identified The Nuclear Fission Their Statement Was : Bombarded Uranium-235 samples with neutrons expecting the Uranium-235 to capture neutrons Meitner & Frisch Explained Hahn & Strassman results Instead of heavier Uranium, it had split into smaller elements = Nuclear Fission

4. A LITTLE BIT ON THE ATOM:  - - - - - - - -        Negative electrons Positive protons Neutral neutrons Nucleus

5. NUCLEAR FISSION A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy, used for electric power generation

6. CHAIN REACTION A chain reaction occurs W hen a Critical M ass of Uranium Undergoes Fission. Releasing a Large A mount of Heat and Energy T hat Produces an Atomic Explosion.

7. Nuclear Fission Diagram 1 n + 235 U “ 236 U” 91 Kr + 142 Ba + 3 1 n + Energy 92 92 36 56 0

8. Energy from Fission Each uranium-235 atom has a mass of 3.9014 x 10 -25 kg. The total number of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 can be found as follows: No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 1/3.9014 x 10 -25 No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 2.56 x 10 24 atoms

9. If one uranium-235 atom undergoes a fission reaction and releases 2.385 x 10 -11 J of energy, then the amount of energy released by 1 kg of uranium-235 can be calculated as follows : Total energy = energy per fission x number of atoms Total energy = 2.385 x 10 -11 x 2.56 x 10 24 Total energy = 6.1056 x 10 13 J Energy from Fission

10. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT In nuclear power plants: fission is used to produce energy control rods in the reactor absorb neutrons to slow and control the chain reactions of fission

11. FISSION CAN BE USED GOOD A controlled chain reaction in a reactor used in nuclear power plants to produce electricity. EVIL An uncontrolled chain reaction is used to create incredibly powerful weapons – the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.

12. NUCLEAR FUSION Nuclear Fusion Is The Process By Which Multiple Nuclei Join Together To Form a Heavier Nucleus . It Is Accompanied By The Release Or Absorption Of Energy Depending On The Masses Of The Nuclei Involved .. H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 H 3 1 + Energy

13. Fusion: Small Nuclei Form Larger Nuclide , Release Energy This type of Fusion is being Examined as An alternative Energy source On Earth. Small nuclei come together to form larger nuclide, releasing energy

14. Complete the Reaction 1H 4 Be 1 H 8 O 4 Be 2 He 2 He 1 H 2 He 2 He 2 He 6 C 1 H element atomic number (protons) 6 C

15. ENERGY FROM FUSION E = mc 2 m = 3.1 x 10 -29 kg c = 3 x 10 8 ms -1 E = E E = 3.1 x 10 -29 x (3 x 10 8 ) 2 E = 2.79 x 10 -12 J H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 H 3 1 + Energy The energy released per fusion is 2.79 x 10 -12 J.

16. A-BOMB vs. H-BOMB ATOMIC BOMB ( Hiroshima) Killed over 66,000 people instantly 13 kilotons of TNT-equivalent 2 exploded in warfare HYDROGEN BOMB 10 megatons (million-tons) of TNT-equivalent NEVER exploded in warfare Is it the bomb too big to ever be used???

17. FUSION CAN BE USED GOOD A controlled reaction in a reactor used to produce cleaner, inexpensive electricity EVIL A fission bomb starts a fusion chain reaction to create an incredibly powerful weapon – thermonuclear weapons (H-bombs), MUCH more destructive than atomic bombs.

18. REVIEW NUCLEAR FISSION: A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process NUCLEAR FUSION : Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.

19. REFERENCES : Fission and Fusion Animations: http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm Fission graphic: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/u235chn.html Data: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/html ” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force