nuclear medicine

Nuclear Medicine.................
Radioactivity………………
Gamma camera………………
PET scan and SPECT scan…...........
Nuclear Medicine Studies…………..
Nuclear Medicine Team……………
Safety in Nuclear Medicine…………

1. Nuclear Medicine

2. Nuclear Medicine................. Radioactivity……………… Gamma camera……………… PET scan and SPECT scan…........... Nuclear Medicine Studies………….. Nuclear Medicine Team…………… Safety in Nuclear Medicine………… Out line:

3. Branch of medicine that uses radioactive substances in diagnosis and therapy. These substances consist of pharmaceuticals labelled with radioisotopes “radiopharmaceuticals” In diagnosis, radioactive substances are administered to patient and the radiation emitted is measured and location recorded. In therapy, radioisotopes are administered to treat disease . Nuclear medicine techniques use a carrier molecule, selected to target the organ/tissue of interest, tagged with radioisotopes which is emitting gamma ray . What is Nuclear Medicine?

4. The routes of administration for radioactive substances include : Intravenous injection: the radioactive substances is Injected into a vein. Subcutaneous injection: radioactive substances is injected under the skin. Inhalation: some radioactive substances and radioisotopes are inhaled by the patient. Ingestion: radioactive substances can be ingested. Administration of radioactivity:

5. The radioactive materials administered to patients are known as radiopharmaceuticals. These consist of : Chemical molecule which determines the behavior of the radiopharmaceutical in the body. The radiation emitted by the radionuclide may be detected from outside the body by a radionuclide imaging device (a gamma camera) or may be detected in a sample of a body fluid (e.g. plasma or urine) What is Radiopharmaceutical?

6. Emit only gamma radiation. Emit gamma ray with the right energy (120kev – 300kev ) to allow detection by a gamma camera. Have a short half-life. Be cheap. Be readily available. Radionuclide must have certain properties:

7. Target Half-life Radionuclide Salivary gland, thyroid, bone, blood, liver, lung, heart 6 hours Technetium( 99m Tc) Thyroid 8 days Iodine( 131 I) Tumors and inflammation 78 hours Gallium( 67 Ga) Examples of radionuclides and their target tissues or target diseases :

8. Gamma camera is an electronic device used in medical diagnosis for imaging the distribution of radioactive compounds in the tissues. (After the patient by injection). In general: It is a device used for imaging in nuclear medicine for imaging the gamma rays emanating from the radioactive compounds in the body . What is Gamma camera

9. Gamma camera device

10. The parts that make up the gamma camera: (1)collimator In short, is like a filter, filter .. torrent knows rays so that it passes only rays that are almost parallel with some As shown in this picture: But if the use of the device without Collimator will be filming the desired part from all sides by the next scan on every side, and therefore will not produce a clear or accurate picture.

11. ( 2)Photomultiplier Tube: the machine reveals a bigger electrons produced by the cathode . In the Photomultiplier Tube base there Anode, which in turn attracts such a large group of electrons and converted to an electrical pulse.

12. Each gamma camera with a range of these pipes are arranged geometrically particular, the model and the camera has 37-91 tube as shown here.

13. All these are converted signals to the computer and then is used for certain programs to bring out the image a three-dimensional either be gray or colored.

14. PET & SPECT

15. Positron emission tomography, or PET, is a medical imaging technology that enables physicians to view how organ systems of the body are functioning at a cellular level. PET is unsurpassed as a definitive diagnostic tool because it can help the physician detect disease (such as cancer and Alzheimer's), determine appropriate treatment for that disease, and efficiently track the body's responses to the treatment. It was developed in the mid 1970s and it was the first scanning method to give functional information about the brain. What is PET scan ?!

16. Patients with conditions affecting the brain. Heart. Certain types of Cancer. Alzheimer’s disease. Some neurological disorders. What are some of the uses for PET ?!

17. A single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scan lets your doctor analyze the function of some of your internal organs. A SPECT scan is a type of nuclear imaging test, which means it uses a radioactive substance and a special camera to create 3-D pictures. What is SPECT ?!

18. Heart Imaging. Brain Imaging. Tumor Detection. Bone Scan. What are some of the uses for SPECT?

19. SPECT PET Emits gamma radiation Emits positrons Lower resolution Higher resolution Less capital intensive scanner Costlier scanner Longer lived radioisotopes Limited half-life of radio pharmaceuticals PET VS SPECT

20. Nuclear Medicine Studies

21. Common Nuclear Medicine Studies: NEUROLOGIC: Diagnose stroke. Diagnose Alzheimer's - demonstrate changes. Disease in AIDS dementia. ONCOLOGIC: Tumor localization - tumor staging. Identification of bone pain due metastatic cancer.

22. Common Nuclear Medicine Studies: RENAL: diagnose renovascular. obstruction, hypertension. detect renal transplant. Rejection - renal fonction. CARDIAC: select patients for artery bypass or angioplasty. localize toxicity due to acute myocardial. chemotherapy infarction. identify cardiac shunts.

23. Common Nuclear Medicine Studies: PULMONARY: Diagnose & quantify pulmonary function. Emboli perfusion. Detect pulmonary. Complications of AIDS. ORTHOPEDIC: Identify bone trauma. Diagnose osteomyelitis . Evaluate arthritic changes .

24. Other common applications: Diagnose and treat thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism or metastatic spread. Detect acute GI & cholecystitis bleeding. Detect testicular torsion & infections.

25. Nuclear Medicine Team

26. : Nuclear medicine radiologists: also called nuclear radiologists, are physicians who use radioactive materials, to diagnose and treat disease . : Nuclear Pharmacist: once known as radiopharmacists , specialize in preparing, dispensing and distributing radiopharmaceuticals or radioactive drugs. Nuclear Medicine Team :

27. : Nuclear Medicine Physicist: Nuclear medicine physicists work with nuclear imaging instrumentation and radiation dosimetry . : Nuclear Medicine Technologist: A nuclear medicine technologist works closely with the nuclear medicine radiologist. The technologist may prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals, perform imaging procedures, enhance images utilizing a computer and analyze biologic specimens. Nuclear Medicine Team :

28. Safety in Nuclear Medicine

29. Minimize the time you will minimize the dose. Per- plan the experiment/procedure to minimize exposure time. Three effective strategies of safety - Time -

30. Doubling the distance from the source can reduce your exposure intensity by 25%. Use forceps, tongs, and trays to increase your distance from the radiation source. Move the item being worked on away from the radiation area if possible. Know the radiation intensity where you perform most of your work, and move to lower dose areas during work delays. Three effective strategies of safety - Distance -

31. Position shielding between yourself and the source of radiation at all permissible times. Take advantage of permanent shielding (i.e. equipment or existing structures). Select appropriate shielding material during the planning stages of the experiment/procedure. Plexiglas, plywood and lead are effective in shielding radiation exposure. Use the proper shielding for the type of radioactive material present. Three effective strategies of safety - shielding -

32. Any questions??

33. Created by: Fahad AL- matabi Abdullah Al- shahrani Nawaf Al- Harbi Abdullah Al- Harbi Meshaal AL- Yahya Thank you for listening to us