nuclear power plant

This is a case study of tarapur nuclear power plant in india. which is the 1st nuclear power plant in india.

1. SYNERGY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHENKANAL PRESENTATION ON:- T arapur nuclear power plant- A case study Presentation by:-JEEBAN JYOTI MOHANTY REG.NO:-1601230151 ROLL.NO:-EE-16-19 Guided by:- Mr P.K.NAYAK DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2. CONTENTS Introduction Nuclear energy Nuclear fission and chain reaction Nuclear power plant Nuclear reactor Components of nuclear reactor Types of nuclear reactor Nuclear waste Advantages and disadvantages Future scope Conclusion Reference

3. INTRODUCTION Tarapur Atomic power station was 1 st Nuclear power plant in India. It was constructed with an agreement between I ndia and U.S.A. in 1963 and plant get operation on 1969 with a two BWR units of 160Mwe. In 2005 & 2006 two new PHWR units are developed of 540Mwe. Today Tarapur Atomic power plant producing 1400Mw power is generated, capacity factor of 39.4% and annual net output is 4829GW-h.

4. What is Nuclear Energy? Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor. The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactions. Otherfuels:238Np(Neptunium),239U(Uranium),241Pu(plutonium).

5. Nuclear Fission When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium splits into two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously. Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments.

6. Chain Reaction A chain reaction is that process in which number of neutrons keep on multiplying rapidly during fission till whole of the fissionable material is disintegrated. Chain reaction will continue if, for every neutron absorbed, at least one fission neutron becomes available for causing fission of another nucleus. Expressed by multiplication factor K= No. of neutrons in any particular generation/No. of neutrons in the preceding generation. If K>1, chain reaction will continue and if K<1 , cant be maintained.

7. Schemetric diagram of Nuclear power plant

8. Nuclear reactor A Nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which nuclear fission is produced in the form of a controlled self sustaining chain reaction.

9. Components of nuclear reactor 1. Reactor core 2. Reflector 3. Control mechanism 4. Moderator 5. Coolants 6. Measuring instruments 7. Shielding

10. Reactor Core :This is the main part of reactor which contain the fissionable material called reactor fuel. Fission energy is liberated in the form of heat for operating power conversion equipment . The fuel element are made of plate of rods of uranium. Reactor reflector :The region surrounding the reactor core is known as reflector. Its function is to reflect back some of the neutron that leak out from the surface of core. Control rods :The rate of reaction in a nuclear reactor is controlled by control rods. Since the neutron are responsible for the progress of chain reaction, suitable neutron absorber are required to control the rate of reaction.

11. Moderator :The function of a reactor is to slow down the fast neutron. The moderator should have High slowing down power Non corrosiveness High melting point for solids and low melting point for liquids. Chemical and radiation stability. High thermal conductivity Abundance in pure form. The commonly used moderator are : ( I) Ordinary water (II) Heavy water (III) Graphite.

12. Coolant :The material used to remove heat produce by fission as fast as liberated is known as reactor coolant . The coolant generally pumped through the reactor in the form of liquid or gas. It is circulated throughout the reactor so as to maintain a uniform temperature. Measuring Instruments : Main instrument required is for the purpose of measuring thermal neutron flux which determines the power developed by the reactor. Shielding : The large steel recipient containing the core, the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid. All the components of the reactor are container in a solid concrete structure that guarantees further isolation from external environment. This structure is made of concrete that is one- metre thick, covered by steel.

13. TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR Reactor Type Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Purpose electricity electricity; plutonium production Coolant Type water (H 2 O) heavy water (deuterium oxide, D 2 O) Moderator Type water heavy water Fuel — Chemical Composition  uranium-dioxide (UO2) uranium-dioxide or metal Fuel – Enrichment Level low-enriched natural uranium (not enriched)

14. Boiling water reactors (BWS)

15. Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)

16. Nuclear waste disposal Geological Disposal Reprocessing Transmutation

17. Geological Disposal The process of geological disposal centers on burrowing nuclear waste into the ground to the point where it is out of human reach. • The waste needs to be properly protected to stop any material from leaking out. Seepage from the waste could contaminate the water table if the burial location is above or below the water level. Furthermore, the waste needs to be properly fastened to the burial site and also structurally supported in the event of a major seismic event, which could result in immediate contamination.

18. Reprocessing Reprocessing has also emerged as a viable long term method for dealing with waste . As the name implies, the process involves taking waste and separating the useful components from those that aren’t as useful. Specifically , it involves taking the fissionable material out from the irradiated nuclear fuel.

19. Transmutation Transmutation is a process in which the long-lived radioactive elements in waste are converted by fission to shorter-lived particles that produce radiation for a much shorter period and are less radiotoxic. Transmutation can therefore greatly reduce the amount and radiotoxicity of high-level radioactive waste.

20. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Produces no polluting gases Waste is radioactive and safe disposal is very difficult and expensive. Does not contribute to global warming Local thermal pollution from wastewater affects marine life Very low fuel costs Large-scale accidents can be catastrophic Low fuel quantity reduces mining and transportation effects on environment Public perception of nuclear power is negative High technology research required benefits other industries Costs of building and safely decommissioning are very high Power station has very long lifetime Cannot react quickly to changes in electricity demand

21. Future scope India has adequate deposits of fissionable material Thorium which can be eventually used for generation of power . The future of nuclear power plant is quiet bright • Following three factors need discussion:- Cost of Power Generation Availability of nuclear fuel, breeder reactor. Safety of nuclear plants.

22. Conclusion In this we learned different construction methods of nuclear power plants. By using these methods we can produce more power with less stakeholders and if we use these types of advanced techniques we can reduce pollution and we can be safe side.

23. Reference www.npcil.nic.in/main/all project Application of Advanced Construction Technologies to New Nuclear Power Plants, MPR-2610(2004), prepared for the US Department of Energy INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Improving economics and safety of water cooled reactors: Proven means and new approaches, TECDOC-1290, IAEA, Vienna (2002 ). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

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