NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS.pptx from Master Anshul

Nuclear power point is the very crucial for sustainable life

1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS PRESENTED BY- ANSHUL ROLL NO-18BT030216 BRANCH-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COURSE- B-TECH

2. CONTENTS What is nuclear power plant Principles of nuclear energy Construction of nuclear power plant Economics of nuclear power plant Effect of plant type on fixed element Effect of plant type on customer cost Investor’s profit Depreciation and replacement Bibliography

3. What is Nuclear Power Plant A nuclear power plant (sometimes abbreviated as NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity. 5 Facts about Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear power plants use “nuclear fission” (the process of splitting an atom in two). “Nuclear fusion” (the process of combining atoms into one) has the potential to be safer but has not yet been developed to operate within a large power plant.[1] Nuclear energy comes from uranium, a nonrenewable resource that must be mined.[2] Every 18 to 24 months, a power plant must shut down to remove its spent uranium fuel, which becomes radioactive waste.[3] Nuclear power plants generate about 20% of U.S. electricity.[4] Nuclear energy is being used in more than 30 countries around the world and even powers Mars rovers.

4. Principles Of Nuclear Power Plants There are two fundamental ways to generate nuclear energy. One way is to break up a heavy element into two lighter elements and produce heat, in a process known as nuclear fission. The other is to fuse two lighter elements together to form a heavier element and produce heat, in a process known as nuclear fusion . 1 . Neutron induced fission releases energy plus extra “fast” neutrons. 2. “Fast” neutrons are slowed down by a “moderator” such as water or graphite, allowing chain reaction to take place (rapid increase in neutron population). In water reactors, the coolant is also the moderator. 3. Chain reaction is controlled by controlling the condition of the moderator, or by use of neutron absorbing materials (e.g. cadmium control rods) 4. Heat is removed by some form of heat exchanger where it is used to run a heat engine .

5. Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Reactor A nuclear reactor is a special apparatus used to perform nuclear fission. Since the nuclear fission is radioactive, the reactor is covered by a protective shield. Splitting up of nuclei of heavy atoms is called as nuclear fission, during which huge amount of energy is released. A nuclear reactor consists of fuel rods, control rods and moderator.

6. Heat Exchanger In the heat exchanger, the primary coolant transfers heat to the secondary coolant (water). Thus water from the secondary loop is converted into steam. The primary system and secondary system are closed loop, and they are never allowed to mix up with each other. Heat exchanger helps in keeping secondary system free from radioactive stuff. Heat exchanger is absent in boiling water reactors .

7. Steam Turbine Generated steam is passed through a steam turbine, which runs due to pressure of the steam . As the steam is passed through the turbine blades, the pressure of steam gradually decreases and it expands in volume. The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator through a rotating shaft.

8. Alternator The steam turbine rotates the shaft of an alternator thus generating electrical energy. Electrical output of the alternator is the delivered to a step up transformer to transfer it over distances. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto.

9. Condenser The steam coming out of the turbine, after it has done its work, is then converted back into water in a condenser. The steam is cooled by passing it through a third cold water loop. The heat removed from the steam by the condenser is transferred to a circulating water system and is exhausted to the environment, either through a cooling tower or directly into a body of water.

10. Economics of Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear power is cost competitive with other forms of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels. Fuel costs for nuclear plants are a minor proportion of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and much greater than those for gas-fired plants. System costs for nuclear power (as well as coal and gas-fired generation) are very much lower than for intermittent renewables. Nuclear power plant construction is typical of large infrastructure projects around the world, whose costs and delivery challenges tend to be under-estimated.

11. EFFECT OF PLANT TYPE ON FIXED ELEMENTS Various types of fixed element are : Land (2) Building (3) Equipment (4) Installation of Machine (5) Design and planning

12. The fixed element means which are not movable, and for any types of power plant, the fixed elements play a major role. Since each cost is added to the final cost of our product (electricity in case of Power plant) So when a power plant is established, the first selection is fixed element.Effect of plant on land is as cost of land.

13. EFFECT OF PLANT TYPE ON CUSTOMER ELEMENTS The costs included in these charges depend upon the number of customers. The various costs to be considered are as follows: 1) Capital cost of secondary distribution system and depreciation cost, taxes and interest on this capital cost. 2) Cost of inspection and maintenance of distribution lines and the transformers. (3) Cost of labour required for meter reading and office work. (4) Cost of publicity.

14. INVESTOR’S PROFIT The investor expects a satisfactory return on the capital investment. The rate of profit variesaccording to the business conditions prevailing in different localities. Adopting the following economical measures can reduce cost of power generation: (1) By reducing initial investment in the power plant. (2) By selecting generating . (3) By running the power plant at maximum possible load factor units of adequate capacity.

15. (4) By increasing efficiency of fuel burning devices so that cost of fuel used is reduced. (5) By simplifying the operation of the power plant so that fewer power-operating men are re-quired. (6) By installing the power plant as near the load center as possible. (7) By reducing transmission and distribution losses.

16. Depreciation and replacement Replacement of nuclear power plants has the possibility of affecting the management of electric power suppliers. Therefore, in the nuclear policy, a depreciation method as an equalization method, which means that part of the investment cost is accumulated as an allowance, and after the start of operation, the depreciation cost in the replacement project is equalized, has been introduced in Japan. In this paper, we evaluate the replacement of nuclear power plants by taking into account the uncertainty of operating costs and the depreciation cost in order to examine the effect of the depreciation method on the decision criteria of the replacement. We found that the equalization method is effective for inducing the acceleration of the replacement. Furthermore, we show the relationship between the uncertainty and the depreciation method. It turns out that as uncertainty increases, the difference in investment threshold between the equalization method and the existing depreciation method decreases, and that in option value increases.

17. Bibliography www.jstage.jst.go.jp www. inis.iaea.org www.world-nuclear.org www.Wikipedia.com www.issuhub.com