Nucleic acids.pptxndjeejejjeejjejejeejjej

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1. Nucleic Acids - The Blueprint of Life By Dhanya Raj .

2. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are complex organic molecules fundamental for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information in living organisms They are polymers composed of nucleotide repeating units Also known as polynucleiotides The two primary types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) . Definition

3. History 1869 : Friedrich Miescher isolates " nuclein " from white blood cell nuclei  1889 :  Richard Altmann  created the term nucleic acid Early 20th Century : Phoebus Levene defines nucleotide components, advancing nucleic acid structure understanding. 1944 : Avery-McCarty showed that DNA is the carrier of genetic information 1953 : James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double-helix structure of DNA

4.   A sugar molecule - Ribose and deoxyribose A phosphate group - monophosphate , diphosphate , triphosphate A nitrogenous base - Purine and Pyrimidine . Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids Essential for carrying metabolic and physiological activities. Contains three components, which are covalently linked  

5. Nucleic acid Types Chemical Composition: Comprised of a pentose sugar ( β- D-2-deoxyribose), phosphoric acid, and nitrogen-containing cyclic bases. Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T). Structure: DNA exhibits a double-stranded helical structure, with complementary strands. Chemical Composition: Consists of phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar ( β- D-ribose), and nitrogen-containing cyclic bases. Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Notably, uracil replaces thymine found in DNA. Structure: RNA molecules typically consist of a single strand, occasionally folding back on itself to form secondary structures. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):

6. DNA Structure Double Helix: DNA has a double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder. Complementary Strands: The two strands of DNA run antiparallel to each other, with complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Sugar-Phosphate Backbone: The backbone of the DNA molecule is composed of deoxyribose and phosphate groups, forming the sides of the ladder. Base Pairing: Hydrogen bonds form between the nitrogenous bases, holding the two strands together. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. Major and Minor Grooves: The helical structure of DNA results in major and minor grooves along its length Information Storage: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA molecules plays a crucial role in storing genetic information from one generation to the next

7. Double Helix Structure of DNA

8. RNA Structure Single-Stranded Molecule: RNA typically exists as a single-stranded molecule. Pentose Sugar: RNA contains the pentose sugar β-D-ribose, which forms the backbone of the RNA molecule. Phosphate Backbone: Phosphate groups link the ribose sugar molecules together, forming the backbone of the RNA strand. This backbone provides structural support for the RNA molecule. Nitrogenous Bases: RNA contains four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Uracil replaces thymine (T), which is found in DNA. The sequence of these bases along the RNA molecule determines its genetic information and functionality. Base Pairing: RNA molecules can form base pairs with complementary sequences within the same strand or with other RNA molecules. Base pairing interactions contribute to the formation of secondary and tertiary RNA structures.

9. Structure of RNA

10. Secondary Structures: RNA molecules often fold back on themselves to form secondary structures, such as hairpin loops, stem-loop structures, and bulges. These secondary structures arise from complementary base pairing within the RNA molecule. Tertiary Structures: Some RNA molecules further fold into complex tertiary structures, driven by interactions between distant regions of the molecule. These tertiary structures are critical for the functionality of certain RNA molecules, such as ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) and transfer RNA ( tRNA ).

11. Types of RNA There are several types of RNA, each with specific functions within the cell. The main types of RNA include: Messenger RNA (mRNA): mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. It carries the genetic code that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

12. Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ): rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes , the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. It plays a crucial role in the assembly of amino acids into proteins by catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids. most predominant RNA within the cells of all living beings.

13. Transfer RNA ( tRNA ): tRNA is responsible for delivering amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon region that base pairs with the codon on the mRNA, ensuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. This is also called as soluble RNA

14. DNA Function DNA serves as the genetic material responsible for carrying hereditary information. DNA encodes the information necessary for synthesizing proteins through a process involving transcription and translation DNA contributes to cellular metabolism by regulating the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways. DNA fingerprinting is a technique used for identifying individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. It has applications in forensic science, paternity testing, and genetic profiling. DNA-based gene therapy involves the introduction of functional genes into cells to treat genetic disorders or diseases caused by faulty genes. Mutations

15. RNA Function It promotes DNA translation into proteins It acts as an adapter molecule during protein synthesis It functions as a messenger between ribosomes and DNA RNA is termed as the carrier of all genetic information RNA allows ribosomes to pick the right amino acid

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