Introductory lecture to structure and functions of nucleic acids
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Language: en
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Nucleic Acids Structure and Function Nucleic Acids Structure and Function
Dr. Atif H. Khirelsied
De
p
artment of Biochemistr
y
py
Faculty of Medicine
International Universit
y
of Africa
y
atifkhirelsied@gmail
The learnin
g
ob
j
ectives
Bytheendofthissessionthestudentshouldbeableto:
gj
By
the
end
of
this
session
the
student
should
be
able
to:
1
OutlinethemolecularstructureofDNAandRNA
1
.
Outline
the
molecular
structure
of
DNA
and
RNA
.
2. Explain the significance of specific base pairing.
3
DfithitifDNA
3
.
D
e
fi
ne
th
e ma
in proper
ti
es o
f
DNA
.
4. Define the central dogma of molecular biology.
5. Distinguish between single‐stranded and double‐stranded
nucleic acids.
6
Elihifdid
lifDNA
6
.
E
xp
la
in t
h
e mean
ing o
f
d
enaturat
ion an
d
re‐annea
li
ng o
f
DNA
.
Thedeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA) •
DNA:is
the
store
ofthegeneticinformation
The
deoxyribonucleic
acid
(DNA)
•
DNA:
is
the
store
of
the
genetic
information
.
•
Itistheprincipal
regulator
ofthe
cellphysiology
•
It
is
the
principal
regulator
of
the
cell
physiology
.
•DNA contains the instructions for creation and functioning
oftheorganismitactsas; of
the
organism
,
it
acts
as;
9Template for replication.
9Codes for proteins.
The central dogma of molecular biology
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
1. It is a double‐stranded right‐handed
helix helix
.
2
.
E
ach
strand
is
is
a
polymer
of
2‐
.
achstrandisisapolymerof
deoxyribonucleotides linked by 3'‐
5'phosphodiester links.
3. The nitrogenous bases in the
nucleotidesofDNAareAGCT nucleotides
of
DNA
are
A
,
G
,
C
,T
.
4. The bases in the two com
p
lementar
y
py
strands are specifically paired and held
together by hydrogen bonds.
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
5. The two strands are polarand anti‐
parallel parallel
.
6.
The
bases
are
planner
and
6.
Thebasesare
planner
and
perpendicularto the axis of the DNA
molecules.
7. The width of the DNA molecules is 2 nm
(
20
A
°
)andtheheightofthehelical
(
20
A
)
,
and
the
height
of
the
helical
turn is 3.4 nm (34 A°).
8. The genetic information resides in the
sequence of bases in the DNA strands.
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
The Watson‐Crick structure of DNA
The structure of DNA
•DNA exists as circular molecule in some organisms such as
bacteria, bacteriophages, and many DNA‐containing animal viruses viruses
.
Circular DNA molecule of bacteria
Chromosome (DNA) of eukaryotic
DNA denaturation of
Denaturationis the
melting of double stranded
DNAtttil DNA
t
o genera
t
e
t
wo s
ing
le
strands.
The denaturation of DNA
•Denaturation may result from:
–
Heating above its Tm.
–High pH
–Organic solvents (dimethylsulfoxide). –
Lowerin
g
the salt conc. of the DNA solution
g
•Viscosit
y
of DNA solutions decreases on denaturation.
y
•
Hyperchromicity
(increasedabsorbanceofUVon
•
Hyperchromicity
(increased
absorbance
of
UV
on
denaturation)
TheReannealing of DNA
Rli
ithftifthdbltdd
•
R
eannea
li
ng
is
th
e re
f
orma
ti
on o
f
th
e
d
ou
bl
e s
t
ran
d
e
d
DNA.
•Viscosity of DNA solutions increases on reannealing. •Hyporchromicity(decreased absorbance of UV on
reannealing)
The RNA structure differs from that of DNA
ƒThe RNAs are polymers of ribonucleotideslinked together by
3'‐5' phosphodiesterbonds.
ƒRNAs share many structural features with DNA but have some
specific characteristics, these are:
itisusuallysingleratherthandoublestranded
–
it
is
usually
single
rather
than
double
stranded
–it contains ribose rather than deoxyribose
itcontainsthebase
uracil
ratherthanthymine
–
it
contains
the
base
uracil
rather
than
thymine
The t
yp
es of RNA
1
M
RNA(RNA
)
yp
1
.
M
essenger
RNA
s
(
m
RNA
s
)
.
2. Transfer RNAs
(
tRNAs
)
.
Prokaryotes and
(
)
3. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs).
eukaryotes
4
ll
lRNA(
RNA
)
4
.sma
ll
nuc
lear
RNA
(
sn
RNA
)
.
5. microRNA(miRNA).
Onlyineukaryotes
6. small interfering RNA (siRNA)
Only
in
eukaryotes
The messen
g
er RNA
(
mRNA
)
•Heterogeneous in size and stability.
g()
•Carries the codonsspecifying amino acid sequences in
proteins
•Act as templatesfor protein synthesis.
The messenger RNA (mRNA)
The table of genetic code
Eukar
y
otic mRNAs have several uni
q
ue
p
ro
p
erties
1
Th
5
'
tilidb
7
th l i
yqpp
1
.
Th
e
5
'‐
t
erm
ina
l is cappe
d
b
y
7
‐me
th
y
lguanos
ine
triphosphate.
2.
Has poly(A) “tail” in the 3'‐terminals.
7‐mG
A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A
mRNA
Eukar
y
otic mRNAs have several uni
q
ue
p
ro
p
erties
yqpp
Eukaryoticsis synthesized as pre‐mRNA (heteronuclearRNA) which contain intervening regions (Introns)
.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
•
TheyarethesmallestRNAs
•
They
are
the
smallest
RNAs
.
•
Foldintotertiarystructureby Fold
into
tertiary
structure
by
formation of intra‐molecular base
pairs .
•Have clover leaf shape (hair‐pin). •Transfer amino acids into the
ribosomes ribosomes
.
•
Act
asan
adaptor
molecule.
Act
as
an
adaptor
molecule.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) •
Havestructuralandcatalyticfunctions. Have
structural
and
catalytic
functions.
•They have a ribozymefunction, the 28S rRNA catalyze
the synthesis of peptide bonds (peptidyltransferase).
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
•It is a nucleoprotein particle. •The mammalian ribosome,
has a sedimentation velocity
of 80S (Svedberg units). Cifl
60
Sd
•
C
ons
ists o
f
large
60
S
an
d
small 40S subunits.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
•A large number of highly conserved small stable molecules
of RNA found in eukaryotic cells.
•The majority of them exists as nucleoproteins distributed in
both the nucleus and the cytosol.
•They are involved in mRNA processing and gene regulation.
microRNA(miRNA)
•Are short RNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells. •Have very few nucleotides (an average of 22) compared with
h
ot
h
er RNAs.
•
Havemultiplerolesinregulationofgeneexpression
•
Have
multiple
roles
in
regulation
of
gene
expression
.
Small interfering RNA(siRNA)
Also known as short interferin
g
RNA or silencin
g
RNA
gg
Are double‐stranded RNA molecules Have 20‐25 nucleotides in length They interfere with the expression of a specific gene.