Nursing Emergency (part 2)

Emergency Nursing is a nursing speciality in which nurses care for patients in the emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury.

1. E M E R G E N C Y N U R S I N G AND DISASTER NURSING

2. Emergency nursing is one of the most challenging specialties in nursing. It requires nurses to manage ambiguity(quality) and rapid changes in pace and intensity of work. Emergency nursing  deals with human responses to any trauma or sudden illness that requires immediate intervention to prevent imminent severe damage or death INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINITION Emergency nursing -Is define as the nursing specialty in which nurses are care for pt. In emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury

4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY NURSING Florence Nightingale was the first emergency nurse, providing care to the wounded in the Crimean War in 1854. The Emergency Department Nurses Association (EDNA) was organized in 1970 A  competencybased  examination, first administered in 1980, provides Certification in Emergency Nursing; certification is valid for 4 years EDNA developed Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, published in 1983, to be used as a guideline for excellence and outcome  criteria against which performance is measured and evaluated. In 1985, the Association name was changed to Emergency Nurses Association (ENA),.

5. CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY NURSING The  term emergency  is used for those patients who require immediate action to prevent further deteriorations or stabilizing the condition until the availability of the services close to the patients. “Emergency has been defined as a condition determined clinically or considered by the patient or his/her relatives as requiring urgent medical services, failing which, it could result in loss of life or limb”.- WHO Medical emergency  is a situation when patient requires urgent & high quality medical care to prevent loss of life or limb and/or to initiate action for the restoration of normal healthy life.

6. Emergency care  can be defined as the episodic and crisis-oriented care provided to patients with conditions ranging from minor to serious or life-threatening injuries or illnesses. Emergency management  traditionally refers to urgent and critical care needs; however, the ED has increasingly been used for non-urgent problems, and emergency management has broadened to include the concept that an emergency is whatever the patient or family considers it to be Emergency nursing  is a specialty within the field of professional nursing focusing on the care of patients with medical emergencies, that is, those who require prompt medical attention to avoid long-term disability or death.

7. PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY NURSING 1.       Guiding principles for emergency care Quick assessment of the casualty and situation Keep casualty in dorsal position and cover his/her body with whatever cloth is available to prevent heat loss. Give first aid to the injured part. Observed and keep a medical record of the casualty’s. Reassurance should be given to the victim and relatives that he/she is in safe hands. Prevent people crowding near the victim; allow fresh air to circulate around the victim. Do not give water to drink to the victims with abdominal injuries may requiring immediate surgery. Make arrangements for safe transportation to hospital after first aid.

8.    2.Principles of emergency management Maintain patent airway & provide adequate ventilation. Control hemorrhage & its consequences Evaluate and restore cardiac output Prevent and treat shock, maintain or restore effective circulation Carry out a rapid initial and ongoing physical examination Assess the patient consciousness, whether the patient can follow commands or not, evaluate the size & reactivity of pupils. Start ECG monitoring if appropriate Apply Splint( a strip of rigid material used for supporting and immobilizing a broken bone when it has been set. ) of suspected fractures sites including cervical spines in patients with head injuries Protect wounds with sterile dressings Start a flow sheet of patient’s vital sign, neurological state, to guide in decision-making.

9. SCOPE AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY NURSING The emergency nurse has had special training, education, experience, and expertise in assessing and identifying health care problems in emergency & crisis situations. The emergency nurse establishes priorities, monitors and continuously assesses acutely ill and injured patients, supports and attends to families, supervises allied health personnel, and teach the patients and families within a time-limited, high-pressured care environment. Nursing interventions are accomplished interdependently in consultation with or under the direction of a licensed physician. The emergency health care staff members work as a team in performing the highly technical, hands-on skills required to care for patients in an emergency situation.

10. EMERGENCY NURSES Emergency nurses also deal with non­-emergent populations that present with non-life threatening issues as well. Patients that present to the Emergency Department may range from birth to geriatric. Qualities of Emergency Nurse The Nurses working in Emergency or trauma units must have specialized skills in handling emergencies. Some of these skills are: Observation and assessment skills Quick decision making skills Patient care skills in emergency situations. Emotional stability Self-confidence with ability to lead and control the patients as well as attendants. Recording and reporting skills.

11. Roles of the Emergency Nurse Care provider : provides comprehensive direct  care to the patient and family. Educator:  provides patient and family with education based on their learning needs and the severity  of the situation and allows the patient to assume  more responsibility for meeting health care needs. Manager:  coordinates activities of others in the  multidisciplinary team to achieve the specific goal of providing emergency care Advocate:  ensures protection of the patient’s rights

12. Functions of the Emergency Nurse Uses triage to determine priorities based on assessment and anticipation of the patient’s needs Provides direct measures to resuscitate, if necessary Provides preliminary care before the patient is transferred to the primary care area Provides health education to the patient and family Supervises patient care and ancillary personnel Provides support and protection for the patient and  family

13. QUALIFICATIONS OF AN EMERGENCY NURSE An emergency nurse is a registered nurse with specialized education and experience in caring for emergency patients. Emergency nurses continually update their education to stay informed of the latest trends, issues, and procedures in medicine today. Many take  aspecial  examination that proves their level of knowledge. After successful completion of this exam, they are  certified in emergency nursing .

14. SOME ADDITION QUALIFICATION FOR EN ACLS ATLS ENPC MICN PHEC TNCC

15. TYPES OF EMERGENCY NURSING Nursing is a skill based profession in which they are trained in decision making and management of healthcare. There are more than 10 types of different nursing professionals in which they are expertise in different areas and provided with skill based training. They are the leading healthcare providers in all the aspects.   Gastroenterology emergency nursing Palliative care emergency nursing Occupational emergency nursing Peri anaesthesia emergency nursing Respiratory emergency nursing Perinatal emergency nursing Pulmonary emergency nursing Dialysis/ Nephrological emergency nursing

16. Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. Palliative care is specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness. This type of care is focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family. Occupational health nurses work to prevent, investigate, and treat workplace-related illnesses and injuries. Perianesthesia nursing is a nursing specialty practice area concerned with providing nursing care to patients undergoing or recovering from anesthesia.

17. 5.The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. 6. Perinatal care is the time before and after birth. 7. relating to the lungs. 8. relating to the kidney.

18. TYPES OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS there are different kinds of emergency departments:- Trauma Stroke Cardiac Burn Neuro Disaster Response Military Pediatric Adult Geriatric

19. DIFFERENT SETTINGS FOR EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS: Critical access Remote settings with very few resources Rural areas Moderately remote areas with more resources within A few hours by road or air Community settings Mid-size cities with A moderate amount of resources Urban areas Major metropolitan areas, usually A lot of resources Teaching hospital Large facilities associated with A university or too many resources available Stand-alone emergency department Available in only certain states, not physically connected with A hospital Disaster settings Extreme environments after A disaster, few resources, often associated with federal or military response programs  

20. Emergency Action Principles Use to get an accident situation under control quickly. Survey the scene CALL 911/ EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM Do a primary survey A-- air way B-- breathing C - - c i r c u l a t i o n D -- disability E-- exposure H-- hemorrhage S-- spinalcord injury

21. A I R W A Y The airway or breathing passage is the pathway through which air flows into your lungs. This starts from your nose and mouth, it includes your throat, windpipe and lungs. 2 WAYS IN OPENING THE AIRWAY **HEAD TILT – CHIN LIFT MANEUVER **JAW THRUST MANEUVER ( The jaw-thrust maneuver is a first aid and medical procedure used to prevent the tongue from obstructing the upper airways.   ) BREATHING : IS THE VICTIM BREATHING? CHECK ( 3 – 5 SEC .) L ---- LOOK, L ---- LISTEN, F ---- FEEL.

22. C i r c u l a t i o n Is there a palpable carotid pulse for adult and brachial pulse for child and i nfant. Check ( 10 sec. ) Disability is there injury to the nervous and musculoskeletal systems, stabilize “c”- spine .

23. E X PO S UR E : Remove victim from offending environment. If necessary, place tent over victim . HEMORRHAGE : Look for severe blood loss, csf leak. SPINALCORD INJURY : Check for the sensory r e s p o ns e , a n d o b v i o u s deformity on the spine.

24. Triage Categories of severity Black / Expectant – Last priority** Dead person Red / Immediate **first priority**" cannot wait"

25. Y E L L O W / O B S E R V A T I O N ** 2ND PRIORITY** Their condition is stable for the moment but requires watching . G R E E N / W A I T ( W A L KI N G W O U N D E D )* *3RD PRIORITY** REQUIRE A DOCTOR'S W H I T E / D I S M I SS ( W A L K I N G W OU ND E D ) * 4 th P R I O R IT Y * D O C T O R ' S C A R E I S N O T R E Q U IR E D

26. R E D A - irway Compromise, E - clampsia I - mmediate Chest wounds, O - pen fractures, U –n Severe shock, burns Ca - rdiac arrest, S - pine injury cervical, M -ultiple system trauma, A - ltered level of consciousness

27. Y E LL O W S - table abdominal wound E - ye C - NS injuries GREEN M - inor burns M- inor fractures M- inor bleeding B L A C K U - nresponsive H - igh spinal cord injury

28. Shock is a critical physical condition due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate blood flow in the body and ceases the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs. BASIC CAUSES OF SHOCK . Pump-failure Relative Hypovolemia . Hypovolemia

29. THREE STAGES OF SHOCK THE COMPENSATORY STAGE OF SHOCK BP normal limits. shunted from the kidney, skin and GIT to the vital organs- brain, liver. PROGRESSIVE STAGE OF SHOCK regulate blood pressure can no longer compensate and the mean arterial The overworked heart becomes dysfunctional. IRREVERSIBLE STAGE OF SHOCK there is severe organ damage that patients do not respond anymore to treatment. Survival is almost impossible

30. TYPES OF SHOCK CARDIOGENIC – Heart stop to pump due to heart dse . ANAPHYLACTIC --- Severe allergic reaction HYPOVOLEMIC --- Severe fluid loss. PSYCHOGENIC --- Cause by anxiety, fears, altered adaptation in traumatic experience. NEUROGENIC --- Cause by spinal fracture or dislocation. METABOLIC --- Loss of body fluids. RESPIRATORY ---- Air way obstruction and hyperventilation. SEPTIC --- Severe bacterial infection.

31. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Early Stage: Pa llor/cyanosis , Co ld/clammy skin, Sha llow and irregular breathing, Ra pid and weak pulse, Dilated pupil . Thirst , Late Stage: V acant eye , A pathetic/unresponsive , De creased blood pressure , D e creased temperature. M o ttled appearance,

32. TRIAD SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK Hypo - tension; Tachy - cardia Tachy - pnea C o nsciousness Altered Nsg Dx : FLD VOLUME DEFICIT r/t dec in blood Vol. Priority Intervention : Fld replacement (D5Lr, NSS. Bld Trans )

33. BODY RESPONSE TO SHOCK Hyven - Hyper ventilation -> Respiratory alkalosis Flu - Fluid Shifts Intracellular to intracellular V - Vasoconstriction CT - Tachycardia IM - Impaired metabolism and organ fu n c tion

34. DRUGS USED TO TREAT SHOCK C – Corticostiroids – use in septic shock protect cellmembranes and decrease inflammatory response to stress A – Antibiotics – infectious process related to septic shock N - Norephineprine (levophed) improve cardiac contractility and cardiac output potent vasoconstrictor D – Dopamine (Intropin ) perfusion of kidneys & urine output D - Dobutamine (Dobutrex) increase myocardial contractility, vasodilator . D - Digitalis preparation improve cardiac performance I - Isoproterenol ( Isuprel) increase myocardial contractility S - Sodium Nitropusside Vasodilator, increase cardiac output, use in cardiogenic shock, and hypertensive emergency .

35. EMERGENCY NURSING MANAGEMENT A - irway P - Promote restoration of blood volume;administer fluid and blood replacement as ordered A - Administer drugs as ordered M - Minimize factors contributing to shock. Best Position - Modified trendelenburge Promotes venous return.  Hypotensive patients can benefit from this position because it promotes venous return. Postural drainage.   Trendelenburg’s position is used to provide postural drainage of the basal lung lobes. Watch out for dyspnea

36. W O U N D A wound is any type of damage or breakage on the surface of the skin. The wounds can be due to accidents like burns, paper cuts, skin tears or surgical, any underlying disease, or some other skin conditions that may develop in the wound, for example, eczema or psoriasis.

37.   Types Of Wounds Wounds can be classified in several ways depending on the healing time Wounds can be open or closed. 1.Open wounds - are the wounds with exposed underlying tissue/ organs and open to the outside environment, for example, penetrating wounds. 2. closed wounds- are the wounds that occur without any exposure to the underlying tissue and organs.   A wound can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the healing time. 3. Acute wounds- are those that heal without any complications in a predicted amount of time. 4.chronic wounds are those that take a relatively long time to heal with some complications.

38. Types of Chronic Wounds    Pressure Injuries -  Also known as bedsores, pressure sores, or decubitus ulcers, these wounds cause when there is a pressure and/or shearing force on the skin. 2. Diabetic Ulcers -  These ulcers generally occur on the feet and are a result of changes to nerves and circulation in the body caused by diabetes. It includes Neuropathic, Ischaemic , and Neuro-ischaemic .

39. Clean or Contaminated -  Wounds can also be classified on the basis if they are clean or contaminated. Clean wounds are those that do not have any foreign material or debris inside whereas contaminated wounds or infected wounds are those that might have some dirt, bacteria, or other foreign markets. Pressure wounds can be used as an example of an open or closed wound depending on its current stage. Internal or External -  Wounds can also be internal or external. Internal wounds can be due to impaired circulation, nervous system functions, neuropathy or medical illness, or decreased supply of blood, oxygen, or other nutrients. external wounds can be due to an outside force or trauma caused by penetrating objects or non-penetrating trauma. 

40. Non-penetrating Wounds:  These wounds are the result of blunt trauma or friction with other surfaces. It includes: Abrasions  Lacerations  Bruises  Concussions  Penetrating Wounds:  They are the result of trauma and break through the full thickness of the skin. It includes: Stab wounds Cuts  Surgical wounds etc.

41. Nursing management i – ice application (10 – 15 min ) c -- compression ( direct pressure ) e – elevation ( above the heart )

42. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: Wash -- wash the wound Co – Control bleeding co – Cover the wound L o – L oo k f o r d r o p B P a n d T E MP . Co – Consult a doctor

43. BRUISES, STRAINS, SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS.  Use rice . Amputation 3 . 4 . Control Bleeding Find the severed part Seek Immediate medical attention. Chest Injuries 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . Check ABC Stabilize Chest using pillow, coat or blanket. Seek medical attention Do not remove impaled object. Eye injuries Protect injured eye Patch unaffected eye Do not remove object stuck on the eye Do not apply hard pressure

44. FRACTURE EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: A -- Avoid putting pressure on he affected area R – Rest ( 20-30 min q 2 – 3 hrs. in 1 st 24 – 48 hrs ) I – Ice application S – splint ( use to stabilize ) Head and S pinal Injury EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES : S - Stabilized the spine Co - Control bleeding As - Asses for bladder distention . Do - Do not irrigate or clean the skull wounds Do - Do not stop the flow of blood or CSF from the ear or nose N - NPO Co - Consult a doctor

45. CLASSIFICATION First degree : “ superficial” only involves epithelial layer. Often very painful but resolves With no residual scarring. Skin is red and Painful but no blisters. S e c o n d d e g r e e : * p a r t i a l t h i c k n e ss * i n v o l v e s epithelium and part of dermis. Pain and scarring vary according to depth of burn. With blister formation. Third degree : *full thickness*. Usually painless. Usually dry and have milky white or tanned leather appearance .

46.  EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES So -- Soak in cold water / apply cold dressing ( w/o open wound or prick blister ) 1 st degree do not cover w/ dressing SO -- Soak in cold water / apply cold dressing Cover the wound w/ non sticky dry sterile dressing /clean cloth ( 2 nd degree w/ open wound and) C O -- C o v e r t h e w o un d w / n o n s t ic k y d r y sterile dressing /clean cloth 3 rd degree A – a blister has formed, Co -- Consult you Physician.

47. CHEMICAL BURNS Wa – wash with water for 15 min. Kee – Keep eye open, flush with water or milk immediately .

48. HEAT EMERGENCIES IN HUMANS UNEXPECTED CHANGES IN THE WEATHER 2 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES 2E EXPOSURE TO HEAT EXPOSURE TO COLD SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ** RAPID, SHALLOW BREATHING ** COLD, CLAMMY SKIN, **HEAVY PERSPIRATION * * GE N E RA L WEAKNESS, ** POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

49. Heat Cramps CAUSE BY ELECTROLYTES IMBALANCE, ARTICULARLY EXESIVE LOSS OF SALT. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: Move - Move victim to a cool place. Give - Give fluids, preferably with electrolytes. Massage - Massage affected muscles (firm pressure massage). Apply - Apply moist towels to forehead and cramped muscles. Call - Call for transportation to medical care if symptoms persist.

50. HEAT SYNCOPE RESULT FROM INTENSE SWEATING WHICH LEAD TO DEHYDRATION FOLLOWED BY PERRIPHERAL VASODILATION. HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT EXHAUSTION IS A MORE SERIOUS RESULT OF HEAT EXPOSURE. CAUSE BY ELECTROLYTES IMBALANCE,PARTICULARLY EXESIVE LOSS OF SALT. HEAT STROKE CAUSE BY A EXTREME BODY TEMP. THAT THE BODY WAS NOT ABLE TO REGULATE IT AND RELATED ALSO TO IMPAIRED SWEATING MECHANISM.

51. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Activate EMS system ( call 911) Move - Move victim to a cool place. Rest - Rest victim. Remove - Remove enough clothing to cool. Give - Give fluids with electrolytes (to conscious victims only).Treat for shock. Victim - Victim needs high concentration of oxygen. Call - Call for transportation to definitive medical care .

52. HYPOTHERMIA Get the victim out of the cold Replace wet cloths with dry warm cloths. Keep flat and provide other source of heat. NO. No. Things   Do not give warm drinks Do not wrap with blanket unless with out other source of heat. Do not engage with physical exertion. 

53. S T R O K E **occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or bursts . Without blood and the oxygen it carries, part of the brain starts to die. S/S Numbness, weakness, or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. You may have double vision, or things may look dim or blurry. Confusion or trouble understanding. Slurred or garbled speech. Trouble walking. You may feel unsteady, dizzy, or clumsy. Severe headache.

54.  C a u se s ** thrombus/ ischemic/ clot ** Risk factors Atrial fibrillation Hypertension DM Smoking S/S of affected part of the Brain Left hemisphere Right hemisphere Language problem/ aphasia Perceptual deficit Pt is cautious Impulsive behavior

55.  2 type of stroke i schemic stroke develops when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain. hemorrhagic stroke develops when an artery in the brain leaks or bursts. TIA – Acute neurogical deficit lasting for 24 hrs. S/S  Pt is irritable Pt appears in a deist Disarchia 4 Temporary blindness

56. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: ** Check for ABSDEHS** ** keep in side lying position** ** Seek immediately medical help. SEIZURES due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain causes involuntary muscle contraction . EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: Do not move/stimulate the victim Ensure safety “ remove all near by objects” after seizure ‘’ loosen tight clothing's turn to side’’ Consult a doctor

57. DIABETIC EMERGENCY EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: ** provide sugar (candy, soda,frit juice) ** Consult a doctor ASTHMA EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES: RELAXATION TECHNIQUES ‘pursed lip breathing’ SIT Up RIGTH Assist the victim in his meds. Consult a doctor

58. CARDIAC ARREST -- Occurs when the heart stop pump, or it pumps insufficient blood causing deprivation of o2 to the vital organs. THREE CONDITIONS OF CARDIAC ARREST CA -- CARDIO VASCULAR COLLAPSE VE -- VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION CAR -- CARDIAC STANDSTILL Myocardial Infarction Angina Pectoris Pain at rest Pain upon Exertion Not Relive by Nitroglycerin Relive by Nitroglycerin Crushing pain Same Severe Mild Not Relive above 15 min. Relive by rest 2 -3 min. Severe chest pain Diaphoresis

59. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES L --Limit Stressful activity S -- Stop the victim from what his doing O -- Open the airway A -- Assist the victim in taking the his prescribe meds P -- Perform CPR If – P and – B (30:2) Priority Nx diagnosis Decrease cardiac output Cause of death in MI Arrhythmias Ventricular fibrillation Choking EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Infant – 5 Back blows and 5 chest Thrust Adult & Child – Heimlich maneuver, abdominal and chest thrust.

60. Poisoning P o i son i n g Poisoning Poisoning Poisoning

61. ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CAUSING ILLNESS OR DEATH WHEN EATEN, DRUNK, OR ABSORBED EVEN IN RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES. INGESTED/ SWALLOWED – BY MOUTH EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES : SYRUP OF IPECAC IS NOT A ROUTINE TREATMENT FOR POISONING . ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR HOME USE. GIVE MILK OR WATER IMMEDIATELY 4.. POSITION THE VICTIM IN LEFT SIDE LYING. IDENTIFY THE POISON AND HOW MUCH AND WHEN TAKEN. CALL POISON CONTROL CENTER.

62. Inhaled – by breathing EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Remove the victim form the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately. Give 100% of O2 Call poison control center. Injected poisoning poison that enters the body through a bite, sting, or syringe. EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Remove the stinger Wash the wound cold compress

63. Absorbed poisoning EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Remove the cloth ( cut the cloth ) Flash it w/ water away from the body part observe for allergic reaction.

64. SNAKE BITE Keep the affected area lower than the heart Clean w/ soap and water Splint part to reduce movement Limit annescerary movement Call poison control center. Mo t o r V e h i c l e A c c i d e nt  Do not rush to get the victims out, contrary to opinion most vehicle crashes do not involve fire

65. Internal bleeding     Check ABC Lie on side Treat shock Seek medical attention External bleeding Direct wound pressure Elevate Pressure points Tourniquet

66. AIR WAY OBSTRUCTION 1. Types b. Anatomical b. Mechanical 2. Classification f . M i ld b. Severe Management 8. Head tilt chin lift 2. jaw thrust 3. Heimlich 4. Chest and abdominal thrust

67. NOSE BLEEDING EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES Sit upright , head bent slightly forward, pinch the nostrils, breath trough our mouth. Water rescue – “Reach, Throw, Row, Go”

68. SOME OTHER MEDICAL EMERGENCY

69. 1. Bleeding Bleeding can start from even the smallest cut and bruises. The emergency case arises when it turns into deep cuts and severe bruises that require immediate attention. The condition in which you should seek emergency are: You cannot control the bleeding even with proper first aid treatment. If delay the process, then the excess loss of blood may lead to dizziness, unwell feeling, pale face, and in some cases, you lose your consciousness. However, if this happens, it is a matter of urgency.

70. 2. SEIZURES OR FIT Seizures is so common that about one among ten people must have had a seizure once in their lifetime. In the disease, pt. feel twitching, jerking, or shaking in some area or the whole body, which is involuntary and uncontrollable. Another form of seizure is when you cannot move or move only a minimal part of the body, and the eyes will look into space. In this situation, the body is not able to respond to anyone. If a person is having a seizure, try not to stop them from shaking unless they are at risk. After going through an episode, it is important to rush to the doctor for proper treatment.

71. In a heart attack, there is a sudden blockage in blood supply, giving rise to a threatening medical emergency. The following are the symptoms of a heart attack: Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath. Sweating Severe chest pain, including chest pressure, squeezing in the middle, and tightness. Pain in the left arm starting from the chest. In some cases, the pain spread in both the arms, jaw, neck, stomach and back. Sweating Feeling sick Dizziness or light-headed 3.CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCY

72. 4. STROKE Stroke is another severe and life-threatening medical emergency. It mainly occurs when the blood cannot reach the brain properly. following symptom, which can be easy to remember through the acronym FASR. F for face – What is the change in the face? Are you able to smile? Has the face changed its format and drooped on one side? You can especially notice it around the areas of the mouth and eyes. A for Arm – Are you able to lift both your arms? At times of stroke, at least one of the arm gets numb. S for Speech – When a person is having a stroke, their speech changes and becomes somewhat slurred, analyze whether their speech is making sense or not. Or is the person able to understand what others are telling? T for time – If you see these symptoms, you should understand there is not much time, and you should act immediately. Take medical help as soon as possible.

73. 5. SUDDEN BREATHING PROBLEM Some are allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, asthma attacks, flu, COPD, and respiratory virus. Breathing problems can also offer due to physical activity or exercise. But if it occurs without any right reason, it can be a medical emergency. The primary symptoms that you can notice are: Feeling shortness of breath Noisy breathing involving the sound of a whistle or wheeze gasp. Pain while taking deep breaths like in the chest. Fast breathing that is faster than usual.

74. 6. EYE TRAUMA A person suffers from eye trauma when they get a direct hit into the eye. It is because there is a blow to the eyes, or the eye retracts, which often results in blood clotting around the skin under the eye. The typical symptom that you may suffer through in this condition are: Bruises and pain Cuts Pain Limited eye movement Change in pupil’s size Blood on the eyeball.