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1. CRYSTALLOIDS

2. TYPES OF IV FLUIDS Example Isotonic 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline Solution, NSS) Ringers’ Solution Lactated Ringer’s Solution (Ringer’s Lactate or Hartmann solution 5% Dextrose in water (D5W) Hypotonic 0.45% Nacl 0.33% Nacl 0.225 % Nacl 2.5% Dextrose water Hypertonic 3% Nacl 5% Nacl 3%Nacl >5% D/W eg;D10W, D20W, D50W D5RL D5NS

3. physician orders an intravenous fluid of D5NS at 100cc/hr. This is an example of which of the solution?  A. hyper alimentation  B. hypertonic  C. hypotonic  D. isotonic

4. The nurse is caring for a client with dry mucous membranes, orthostatic blood pressure changes, and decreased urine output. The client's serum osmolality is normal. Which of the following iv fluids would the nurse anticipate administering? A. Normal Saline B. D5W C. ¼ normal saline D. D10W

5. A client has been brought in to the emergency department where the provider orders a bolus of colloid solution. Which of the following types of solutions are considered to be colloids? Select all that apply. High molecular weight dextran Albumin Hetastarch 0.9% Normal Saline Ringer’s lactate

6. 13-year-old patient is admitted for diarrhea and vomiting. He looks pale and lethargic. A nurse is preparing  to give IV hypotonic solution. Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg , Heart rate 76 /min ,Respiratory rate 18 /min & Temperature 36.1°C . Which IV solution is most appropriate? A. 0.9% saline B. Lactated ringers C. 10% dextrose in water D. 0.45% sodium chloride

7. SITES FOR INJECTION ADMINISTRATION

8. SITE OF IM IJECTION

9. The nurse is preparing to administer an I.M. injection in a client with a spinal cord injury that has resulted in paraplegia. Which of the following muscles is best site for the injection in this case? Dorsal gluteal Ventral gluteal Vastus lateralis Deltoid

10. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) ANALYSIS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is present within the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain in the skull and the spinal cord in the spinal column Total volumes: Adults: 140 - 170 ml Children: 10 - 60 ml

11. Characteristics of normal   CSF   Color - Colorless PH - 7.28 – 7.32 Appearance - Clear Sp. Gravity - 1.003 – 1.004 No clot formation on standing Total solids - 0.85 – 1.70 g/ dL PO2 - 40 – 44 mmHg CSF pressure – 70-180 mm of hg

12. Composition of Normal   CSF Protein - 15 - 45 mg/ dL Glucose - 50 - 80 mg/ dL Uric acid - 0.5 - 3.0 mg/ dL Creatinine - 0.6 - 1.2 mg/ dL Cholesterol - 0.2 - 0.6 mg/ dL Ammonia - 10 – 35 μ g/ dL Sodium - 135 – 150 mEq /L Potassium - 2.6 – 3.0 mEq /L Chloride - 115 – 130 mEq /L Magnesium - 2.4 – 3.0 mEq /L Cells - 0 – 5 Lymph/ μ L Urea - 6.0 - 16 mg/ dL

13. CSF Comparison in Various Conditions