NUTRACEUTICALS

A food stuff that provides health benefits. By ARUN KANSAL Ch. Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, India

1. NUTRACEUTICALS Arun M.Pharm Drug regulatory Affairs Cblu , BHIWANI

2. Contents History Definition Introduction Meaning of Nutraceuticals Classification Inorganic Mineral supplement Vitamins Probiotics Prebiotics Herbs Phytochemicals Scope Nutraceutical Market Opportunities

3. History The term " Nutraceutical " was coined by combining the terms " Nutrition " and " Pharmaceutical " Term given by Dr. Stephen De Felice in 1989 The Greek physician Hippocrates, often known as the “father of medicine” said “Let the food be th e medicine and the medicine be th e food.” Nutraceutical: Nutrients that may prevent disease. Pharmaceutical: Drugs used in the treatment of disease.

4. Definition According to Dr. De Felice, “Nutraceutical is any substance that is a food or a part of food that provides medicinal or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease.” ▪ Health ministry of Canada defines it “As a product isolated or purified from the food generally sold in medicinal form not assisted with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit and provide protection against chronic disease.” A nutraceutical is any substance considered as a food, or its part which, in addition to its normal which, in addition to its normal nutritional value provides health benefits including the prevention of disease or promotion of health. ▪ It is “any non-toxic food component that has scientifically proven health benefits, including disease treatment or prevention”

5. Meaning of Nutraceuticals NUTRITION REQUIRED FOR HEALTH P’CEUTICAL REMEDY FOR SICKNESS OR INJURY + NUTRITION PREVENTIVE MEDICAL APPROACH 

6. Classification   Classification of nutraceuticals 1. Potential Nutraceuticals - One which has promising approach towards particular health or medicinal benefit. 2. Established Nutraceuticals – A Potential Nutraceutical becomes established nutraceutical only after there are sufficient clinical use to demonstrate a benefit. Constitution of Nutraceuticals Nutrients: Substances which have established Nutritional functions e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty acids, etc. Herbals/ Phytochemicals: Herbs or Botanical products. Dietary Supplements: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Anti-oxidants, Enzymes etc.

7. Continue… Classification based on Source: Plant : Tomato, Garlic, Momordica Animal : Shark liver oil, cod-liver oil Minerals : Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorous Microorganism : Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli Classification of nutraceuticals: 1 Natural Source 2 Physiological conditions 3 Chemical constituent

8. Inorganic Mineral supplement Calcium : Essential for bone and teeth, maintaining bone strength, nerve, muscle and glandular function, blood clotting. Iron : Energy production, Hb, oxygen transport. Magnesium : For healthy nerve and muscle function, bone formation. Phosphorous : Energy production, phosphorylation process, bone and teeth, for genetic material. Cobalt : Component of vit. B 12 and B 12 coenzymes. Copper : Hb and collagen production, function of heart, energy production, absorption of iron. Iodine : Proper function of thyroid gland. Chromium : With insulin it helps in conversion of carbohydrate and fat into energy, treatment of diabetes. Selenium : Antioxidant, functioning of heart muscle, part of GPX enzyme. Zinc : Essential for cell reproduction, for development in Neonates, wound healing, production of sperm and testosterone hormone.

9. Vitamin a) Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A: Acts as antioxidant, essential for growth and development, maintains healthy vision, skin and mucous membranes, may aid in the prevention and treatment of certain cancers and in the treatment of certain skin disorders. Vitamin D: Essential for formation of bones and teeth, helps the body to absorb and use calcium. Vitamin E: Antioxidant, helps to form blood cells, boost immune system. Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting. b) Water soluble vitamins: Vitamin C: Antioxidant, necessary for healthy bones, gums, teeth and skin. Helps in wound healing, prevent from common cold. Vitamin B1: Helps in carbohydrate metabolism, essential for neurological function. Vitamin B2: Energy metabolism, maintain healthy eye, skin and nerve function. Vitamin B3: Energy metabolism, brain function. Vitamin B6: Helps to produce essential proteins, convert proteins to energy. Vitamin B12: Help in producing genetic material, formation of RBC, maintenance of CNS, synthesis of amino acids, involved in metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Folic acid: Helps in RBC formation, formation of genetic material of cell, very much essential during pregnancy. Pantothenic acid: Aids in synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and fatty acids, crucial for intra neuronal synthesis of acetylcholine.

10. Probiotics Live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Eg: Species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, yeast Saccharomyces, Cerevisiae, some E. coli and Bacillus species are also used as probiotics. The root of the word ‘ probiotic’ comes from the Greek word ‘pro’ meaning “promoting” and ‘biotic’ meaning “life”. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation (FAO) defines probiotics as“ live micro-organisms, which, when administered in adequate amount produce beneficial effect to the host when taken orally” Potential Benefits of Probiotics: - Shorten Duration of Intestinal Infections - Treat Diarrhea - Improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome - Reduce bladder and urinary tract infections - Manage lactose intolerance potential.

11. Lactabacillus There are more than 50 species of lactobacilli. Foods that are fermented like yogurt and dietary supplements also contain these bacteria. It helps in preventing yeast infections, urinary tract infection, IBS, traveler's diarrhea, diarrhea resulting from Clostridium difficile , treating lactose intolerance, skin disorders (fever blisters, eczema, acne) and prevention of respiratory infections. Bifidobacteria There are approximately 30 species of bifidobacteria. They are found in the intestinal tract within days of birth, especially in breast fed infants. They help in the improvement of abdominal pain, bloating, bowel dysfunction, incomplete evacuation, straining, and the passage of gas. Saccharomyces The only yeast probiotic. It is effective in treating diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics and traveler's diarrhea. It has also been reported to prevent the reoccurrence of Clostridium difficile , to treat acne and to reduce side effects of treatment for Helicobacter pylori .

12. Streptococcus This produces large quantities of the enzyme lactase, making it effective. It helps in the prevention of lactose intolerance. Enterococcus This is normally found in the intestinal tract of humans. Enterococcus faecium SF68 is a specific probiotic strain that has been used in the management of diarrhoeal illnesses. Leuconostoc Members of Leuconstoc spp. are very often used in production of fermented foods because of their ability to produce lactic acid bacteria and diacetyl. Leuconostoc are used to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes in dairy and meat products. * Home of the probiotic bacteria : The gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) is the best home where the probiotic bacteria lived. Within GIT there is an intestinal microflora. Small amount is found in stomach and small intestine, but the majority is found in the colon.

13. Prebiotic The concept of prebiotic was introduced by Gibson & Roberfroid , in 1995 Prebiotics are an alternative for probiotics or their cofactors. ‘Non-digestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect for the host by selectively stimulating the favourable growth of a limited number of indigenous bacteria’ Commonly known prebiotics are: - Oligo-fructose - Inulin - Galacto -oligosaccharides - Lactulose Properties - - Limited hydrolysis and absorption in the upper GIT(gastro-intestinal tract). - Selective growth - S timulation of beneficial bacteria in the colon. - Immuno Stimulation - Stimulation of beneficial flora that promotes colonization resistance.

14. Fructo-oligosaccharides Fructo-oligosaccharides is a group of oligosaccharides or a group of connected simple sugars. Sources- It include onions and chicory root also garlic. Role- It helps in the stimulate production of beneficial bacteria, minimal effect on blood sugar, also help strengthen the immune system. Inulin Inulin is a dietary fibre. Sources- leeks, kiwi, asparagus, onions, garlic, bananas, wheat, rhubarb, dairy products etc. Role- There are several benefits of inulin apart from weight- management, it even increases calcium absorption, improved bone health. It can also be used to replace sugar and fat as a food additive to improve taste.

15. Soyabean - oligosaccharide Sources- Found in soy milk, soy oil, bean, curd, iic-cream. Role- Promote the growth of Bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract, lowering cholesterol.   Xylo-oligosaccharide Sources- They are naturally present in fruits, vegetables, bamboo, milk and honey. Role- It help to improve blood sugar levels and fat absorption, re- establish normal colonic flora, it also increase mineral absorption and vitamin B creation. Galacto-oligosaccharide Also called GOS Sources- Naturally found in breast milk but are added to foods such as infant formula, fruit drinks, dairy products, breakfast cereals and biscuit crackers. Role- Increased the good bacteria, boosts the immune system. Promote intestinal health by keeping unfriendly bacteria such as E.coli, vaginal, urinary infections at bay.

16. Uses of Prebiotics Enhance bone density and increase calcium absorption. Improve immune function in both the gut and body. Establish a healthier balance of bacteria in the gut. Promote regular bowel movements. Suppress appetite. Reduces the risk of an intestinal infection. Increase in mineral absorption and improvement of bone health. Modulation of gastro-intestinal peptides production, energy metabolism and satiety. Initiation (after birth) and regulation/modulation of immune functions.

17. Herbs Aloe vera: Anti-inflammatory, emollient, wound healing Evening Primrose oil: Dietary supplement of linoleic acid, treatment of atopic eczema. Garlic: Antibacterial, antifungal, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory Ginger: Carminative, antiemetic, treatment of dizziness. Ginseng: Adaptogen Green tea: Antioxidant, reduces risk of CVD, enhances humoral and cell mediated Immunity. Other: Vegetables, fruits, whole grain, herbs, nuts and various seeds contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sulphur compounds, pigments etc. that has been associated with protection/ treatment of certain disease conditions.

18. Phytochemicals Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as: Substrate for biochemical reactions Cofactors of enzymatic reactions Inhibitors of enzymatic reactions Absorbents that bind to & eliminate undesirable constituent in the intestine Scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals Enhance the absorption and / or stability of essential nutrients Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria Fermentation substrate for beneficial bacteria Selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria

19. Various types of Phytochemicals Carotenoids Source- Fruits & vegetables Role- Antioxidants, protects against uterine, prostate, colorectal, lung and digestive tract cancers, and protection to other antioxidants. Flavonoids Source- Grapes, wines Role- Action against free radicals, free radicals mediated cellular signaling, inflammation, allergies, platelet aggregation & hepatotoxins Catechin & gallic acids Source- Grapes, berries, cocoa, green tea, acacia spp. Role- Antioxidants, free radical scavenging ability Isoflavonoids Source- Soybeans Role- Treating cancers & osteoporosis

20. Fruits Apples: An apple’s 3 gm of fibre help you meet your fibre goal of 20g to 30 g daily. High fibre diets can lower high disease risk. Apricots: A good source of beta carotene (which is converted to vit-A by the body) providing the equivalent of 35% of RDA for vit-A Bananas: They are the great source of potassium ,which plays great role in heart and muscles function 4) Cherries Heart protective anthocyanins are present and also gives colour. Papayas: Loaded with vit-C with b-carotene and calcium Vegetables Broccoli: This food is loaded with sulphoraphane consisting 72 mg of calcium,78 mg of folic acid and vitamin C Cabbage: The indoles in a cabbage makes it a cancer fighter. Carrots: A stellar source of beta-carotene, one carrot contains twice unit of vit-A. Tomatoes: Technically consider as a fruit loaded with cancer fighting lycopene and a great source of vit-A.

21. Scope of Nutraceuticals Disease Joint Health Eye Health Nutraceutical Glucosamine Chondroitin DHA Pycnogenol Lotein Carotenoids Source Fo und in ligaments, cartilages, tissue, tendons Proteoglycans of articular cartilage Linseed , Fish oil Barley Spinach Carrot, Sweet potato

22. Disease Cardiovascular Health Cancer Prevention Nutraceuticals CoQ-10 Melatonin DHA Resveratrol Carotenoids Catechin DHA Resveratrol Lycopene Ellagic acid Source Soyabean, Olive oil Bone marrow, Pineal glands Fish oil Grapes, Red wine Carrot, Sweet potato Tea extracts Fish oil, Linseed Red wine, Grapes Tomatoes, Grape Fruit Raspberry, Strawberry

23. Nutraceuticals market The global nutraceuticals market is divided into the following categories: • Functional food • Functional beverage • Dietary supplement Areas covered by Nutraceuticals: All therapeutic areas such as- 1. Anti- Arthritic (Rheumatoid Arthritis) 2. Sleeping disorders 3. Digestion problems 4. Prevention of certain cancers (Colorectal cancer) 5. Osteoporosis 6. Blood pressure 7. Cholesterol lowering (garlic) 8. Neurological disorders (Autism) 9. Diabetes etc.

24. Nutraceuticals market opportunities PHARMA COMPANIES - New sector with lower R&D costs - New revenue source - Most purchases are by consumers - Less onerous regulatory requirements FOOD COMPANIES - Fast growing - Source of differentiation & higher margins - Innovative products increase bargaining power - Accepted channel for new products

25. Continue… FUNCTIONAL FOOD - Omega fatty acid fortified food - Branded wheat flour market - Probiotics fortified food - Branded ionized salt DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS - Vitamins & minerals - Proteins & peptides - Herbals FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES - Dairy & dairy alternative drinks - Non-carbonated drinks - Fruit & vegetable juices and drinks

26. References https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition) https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplements Manju chhetri. Nutraceuticals. Available from- https://www .slideshare.net/ManjuChhetri/nutraceuticals-71153808 Cited on: July 11, 2021 Kumar Manoj. Opportunities in Nutraceuticals Market. Available from- https://www.powershow.com/view0/873bc2-ZjU4M/Global_Nutraceuticals_Market_powerpoint_ppt_presentation Cited on: July 14, 2021 Pawar P.A. Prebiotics & Probiotics. Available from:- https://www.slideshare.net/151212345/prebiotic-and-probiotic Cited on- July 17, 2021