Nutraceuticals for Cancer, Diabetes and Cardio vascular diseases and their Mechanism and their mechanism

This presentation consists of different types of foods that can be incorporated in diets to improve the health conditions in diseases -Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus and Cardio vascular diseases.

1. NUTRACEUTICALS FOR CANCER
DIABETES AND CVD & THEIR
MECHANISM
M.Sc. Food Technology (Forensic Food Analysis)
Submitted by -Kratika Khede
Submitted to-Dr. Deepak Rawtani Sir
Institute of Research and Development,
Gujarat Forensic Sciences University

2. Soy- Cancer
•soyfoods - contain potent antiangiogenic properties
•bioactives- isoflavones, specifically genistein, daidzein, equol, and glyceollins.
•fresh soy products, such as edamame, soymilk, and soy Nuts soyfoods that are
fermented, such as soy sauce, tofu, miso, natto, tempeh, and more
soymilk edamame soy sauce
tofu
tempeh
natto
miso
tofu

3. Mechanism of Genistein
•Soy phytoestrogens actually act as antiestrogens in humans, interfering
with the ability of estrogen to fuel certain cancers genistein, which is a
phytoestrogen, has antiangiogenic, cancer-starving effects.
Apoptosis
of cervical
cancer cells
enhances activities
of caspase 3,
caspase 9>>>helps
in cell death
inhibits NF-kB
pathway that
means energy
supply off for
cancer cells
Apoptosis
in colon
cancer cells
modulating
caspase 3
modulating
MAP Kinase
signalling
pathway

4. Brassica Family

5. Broccoli
•Broccoli is a cruciferous vegetable
•Contains potent antiangiogenic
bioactives like brassinin and
sulforaphanes.
•MECHANISM OF SULFORAPHANES:
•1) regulate expression of its target
genes, including antioxidant genes
•2)Induces phase II detoxification
enzymes, to prevent carcinogenesis.
•Consuming one to two cups of
broccoli per week is associated
with a reduced risk of many
cancers.

6. Kale
•six antiangiogenic bioactives are
found in kale: brassinin, indole-3-
carbinol, quercetin, lutein,
sulforaphane, and kaempferol.
•Black cabbage- most delicious type
•-sometimes dinosaur kale.
•-found in Traditional Italian recipes-
as key ingredient in soups.
•-it has a robust flavor with a mild,
sweet aftertaste.
•MECHANISM
•kale stimulates the body’s production of immunoglobulin (Ig),
proteins used by the immune system to identify and
neutralize foreign invaders.
•In one recent study, a water-soluble fraction of kale that had
been cooked for a long period of time—boiled continuously
for half an hour—was even more effective than the raw kale
fraction at producing immunoglobulin A (IgA).
•IgA is a principle antibody class that acts as line of defense in
the secretions that bathe the mucosal surfaces of the
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts—the
largest area of exposure of the body to external pathogens.
•IgA is believed to interfere with pathogen adherence to
mucosal epithelial cells (“immune exclusion”)
•Rich source of glucosinolates, which are converted by the
body into cancer-preventive compounds
called isothiocyanates. These complex compounds are
powerful inducers of both cancer-destroying enzymes and
inhibitors of carcinogenesis.

7. Antiangiogenic Fruits

8. Apple
•A number of antiangiogenic polyphenols are found
in apples, including caffeic and ferulic acid.
•-Eating one to two apples per day was found to be
associated with risk reduction of bladder cancer by
10 percent, colon cancer by 20 percent, and lung
cancer by 18 percent
•-Cloudy apple cider is superior for health because it
retains more bioactives.
•-drinking two servings per month of apple cider or
juice is associated with a 35 percent reduced risk of
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
•Apple polyphenol phloretin inhibits growth of
cancer cells through inhibition of type 2 glucose
transporter.
• Our groups have demonstrated that phloretin can
induce growth arrest of cells in the G0/G1 phase,
induce apoptotic cell death, and inhibit tumor cells
migration and metastasis.
•Berries: berries like strawberries, raspberries,
blackberries, blueberries, and cranberries can boost
your body’s angiogenesis defenses. Their intense
colors and tartness are a tip-off to the presence of
potent bioactives, including anthocyanin and ellagic
acid
•-black raspberries make the lesion less aggressive,
reducing the cellular changes that herald the
progression to cancer.
•-Blueberries have a dark blue coloration reflecting
their antiangiogenic bioactive delphinidin
•-eating one cup of fresh blueberries per week had a
31 percent reduced risk for breast cancer

9. Herbs
•Many popular herbs used in
Mediterranean cuisine
contain a bioactive called
rosmarinic acid, so named
because of its original
discovery in rosemary.
•Rosmarinic acid is also found
in basil, marjoram, sage,
thyme and peppermint, its
epigenetic effects and found
that rosmarinic acid prevents
the blocking of tumor
suppressor genes in human
breast cancer cell.

10. •Reference----
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6910185/#!po=29.7
619
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6011061/table/tab1
/?report=objectonly
•https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10219498163017
88
•ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266224/#:~:text=Ellagic%20acid
%20(EA)%20is%20a,direct%20antiproliferative%20and%20apoptotic%
20effects.

11. Diabetes Mellitus
•Diabetes Mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with
developing insulin resistance, impaired insulin signalling and β-cell
dysfunction, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, sub-clinical
inflammation and increased oxidative stress, aging and a constant
increase in obesity.
•These metabolic disorders lead to long-term pathogenic conditions
including micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications,
neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy,
•epidemiological investigations show that diet rich in foods with high
content of phytochemicals, high total antioxidant capacity and
polyphenolic compounds may be related to lower risk of diabetes

12. Antioxidants
•antioxidants may prevent or delay diabetes complications including
renal and neural dysfunction by providing protection against
oxidative stress
•Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a chain-breaking antioxidant, scavenging
ROS directly, and preventing the propagation of chain reactions that
otherwise lead to a reduction in protein glycation.
•reduces diabetes-induced sorbitol accumulation and lipid peroxides
in erythrocytes.
• Vitamin C (800 mg/day) partially replenishes vitamin C levels in
patients with type 2 DM

13. Vitamin E
•Vitamin E is an essential fat soluble vitamin and functions primarily as
an antioxidant
•People with diabetes have decreased levels of antioxidants.
•diabetes may also have greater anti-oxidant requirements, due to
increased free radical production secondary to hyperglycaemia.
•Doses of vitamin E up to 400 IU are generally believed to be safe.

14. •Chromium is a trace element that may be
deficient in persons with diabetes.
• It has been suggested that chromium
supplements may increase insulin
sensitivity and improve glucose tolerance
in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
•improvement in glycaemic control
Vanadium
•Vanadium supplementation also
decreased fasting blood glucose
levels and Haemoglobin A1c
levels.
•Dosages ranging from 45-150
mg/day can be useful for
improving fasting glucose levels
(how much sugar is in the blood
when one wakes up in the
morning).
Chromium

15. Fats-
Protein
•eating vegetable protein rather than
animal protein is better for reducing
serum cholesterol and managing
nephropathy.
•There are a number of different types
of protein supplements include liquid
protein supplements, protein powders
and liquid protein shots.
• There are a number of sources for
protein supplements.
•Some of these sources include: Whey,
Casein, Soy, Rice, and Egg.
α- Lipoic acid
•Naturally occurring antioxidant with
potent Reactive oxygen species ROS-
scavenging activity α- Lipoic acid and
dihydrolipoic acid work in a redox
couple (an electron donating molecule
and its oxidized form), and together
have other antioxidant properties
including
•chelation of transition metals and
•the regeneration of other antioxidants
such as glutathione, Vitamin C and
Vitamin E.
•Protects the retina against Ischemic
injury to the retina is considered to be
one of the major causes of visual loss
and occurs in diabetic retinopathy.

16. Herbs
Name of the plant Reported mechanism of action
Acacia arabica (Lam.) Muhl.
Common name: Babul
[Family: Fabaceae]
Acts through release of insulin from pancreatic beta
cells, which accounts for the hypoglycaemic activity
Allium cepa L.
Common name: onion
[Family: Liliaceae]
Lowers blood glucose level and has potent
antioxidant activity, which may account for the
hypoglycaemic potential
Common name: garlic
[Family: Alliaceae]
Has strong antioxidant activity and rapid reactivity
with thiol containing proteins responsible for the
hypoglycaemic property
Beta vulgaris L.
Common name: Garden beet
[Family: Chenopodiaceae]
Lowers blood glucose level
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
Common name: Sweet potato[Family:
Convolvulaceae]
Reduces insulin resistance and possibly acts by
maltase inhibition
Ocimum sanctum L.
Common name: Holy Basil
[Family: Lamiaceae]
Acts by cortisol inhibiting potency
Punica granatum L.
Common name: Pomegranate
[Family: Punicaceae]
Inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity, leading
to anti-hyperglycaemic property
•herbal medicines are used
as a safe alternative for
conventional hypoglycaemic
agents, richness in essential
phytonutrients, ayurvedic
herbs may help as
“Potentiators” for these
drugs and play a supportive
role to maintain the quality
of the diabetic life.

17. Reference
•Nimesh S, Ashwlayan VD. Nutraceuticals in the management of
diabetes mellitus. Pharm Pharmacol Int J. 2018;6(2):114‒120.

18. Nutraceuticals for CVD
Risk Factors
•There are three strategies Nutraceutical can offer to
prevent and reverse vascular disease.
•1. The first is to reduce circulating levels of LDL
cholesterol by forming micelle with bile salts as it
contains cholesterol.
•2. The second strategy is to reduce the possibility of
oxidation by neutralizing radicals with antioxidants.
•3. The third is to reduce artery plaque through
fibrinolytic activity. A fibrin clot, is broken down a
product of coagulation. Enzyme plasmin cuts the
fibrin mesh at various places leading to production of
fragments that are cleared by kidney and liver.
Mechanisms of Nutraceuticals

19. Fish oil and Nuts Green Tea
The three main omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic
acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
•Polyphenolic cathechin which is
present in Green tea (Camellia
sinensis) reduces the CVD
•by enhancing antioxidant activity
•by improving endothelial
dysfunction,
•preventing cardiac hypertrophy
and
•protects mitochondria.

20. KALE
•Carotenoid lutein, which may help prevent atherosclerosis.
•Its high fiber content, which may have a protective effect against high
levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker associated
with predicting cardiovascular disease risk--by lowering cholesterol
•Mechanism
•Fiber-related nutrients in kale bind together with some of the bile acids in
your intestine in such a way that they remain in the intestine and pass out of
the body in a bowel movement instead of getting absorbed along with the fat
they have emulsified.
•When this happens, your liver replaces the lost bile acids by drawing on your
existing cholesterol supply—lowering your body’s cholesterol level.

21. Resveratrol
•Resveratrol is a bioactive
well known to be in grapes,
red wine, and grape juice
•also present in blueberries,
cranberries, peanuts, and
pistachios
•activates cardiac stem cells
that in your heart
•regenerating heart tissue
under stress
Black Raspberries
•Bioactives - ellagic acid, ellagitannins,
anthocyanins, and quercetin
•Dietary supplement made from black
raspberries has shown clinical benefits in
patients with colon cancer, and in prediabetes.
•The ellagic acid of the black raspberries
activates stem cells.
•Reduction in the stiffness in blood vessels,
reflecting healthier blood vessels and the
beneficial effects of more circulating stem cells.

22. Rice bran
•Contains many health-promoting
bioactives, including beta-glucan and
the polyphenol ferulic acid.
•Good source of dietary fiber.
•Protects from cell-damaging oxidative
stress
•Eating a diet high in saturated fat
damages the lining of blood vessels and
leads to the formation of the vessel-
narrowing plaques causing
cardiovascular disease.
•Rice bran can protect the stem cells
involved in repairing the damage in
blood vessels caused by eating a high-
fat diet.
Lignans
• Plant polyphenols -metabolized by gut bacteria into the
bioactives, enterodiol and enterolactone, ↓ the risk of heart
disease.
•The source of lignans in the diet of these participants was mostly
from olive oil, wheat products, tomatoes, red wine, and
asparagus.
•-those who consumed the most lignans had lower blood glucose
levels, and that participants who ate high levels of both lignan
and yogurt had lower levels of total blood cholesterol, including
reduced levels of harmful LDL cholesterol.
•The Lactobacillus found in yogurt can increase the elimination of
cholesterol from the body, so the researchers speculate that the
lignans have a prebiotic effect and feed gut bacteria.
•At the same time, yogurt has a probiotic effect, supplying the
bacteria itself.
•Eating yogurt along with a plant-based diet rich in lignans can
offer protective benefits against cardiovascular disease and better
blood glucose control.

23. TURMERIC
•Curcumin’s epigenetic effects also protect the health of your
blood vessels
•In lab rats with hypertension- reduces injury to the coronary
blood vessel feeding the heart by allowing their genes to produce
a protein called tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP). This
protein reduces inflammation.
Genes
produce
protein(TIMP)
Reduces injury
to coronary
blood vessel
Protects
inflammation
in heart

24. Potential mechanism Functional foods Bioactive compounds
Lowering blood cholesterol Nuts - Tocopherols, omega-3 fatty
acids
Legumes - Fiber and polyphenols
Fruits and vegetables Fiber (pectin)
Margarine Phytosterols
Fish oil Omega-3 fatty acids
Whole grains Fiber and phytochemicals
Soy proteins Genistein and daidzein
Dark chocolate Flavonoid
Inhibition of LDL-C
oxidation
Fish Omega-3 fatty acids
Green leafy vegetables, fruits Carotenoids
Citrus fruits and vegetables Vitamin C
Tomato Lycopene
Extravirgin olive oil Polyphenolics and oleic acid
Green tea Tea polyphenolics
Soy proteins Genistein, daidzein, and
glycitein
Dark chocolate Flavonoid
Pomegranate Polyphenols

25. Potential mechanism Functional foods Bioactive compounds
Lowering blood triglycerides Fish Omega-3 fatty acids
Decreasing blood pressure Fish Omega-3 fatty acids
Legumes Fiber
Whole grains Fiber and phytochemicals
Citrus fruits Ascorbic acid
Ginseng Ginsenosides
Onion and garlic Quercetin
Green and black teas Tea polyphenols
Grapes and red wines Grape polyphenols
Dark chocolate Flavonoid
Lowering blood
homocysteine
Fruits and vegetables Folate, Phytochemicals
Whole grains Fiber and phytochemicals
Citrus fruits and vegetables Vitamin C
Nuts, seeds, and oils Vitamin E
Inhibition of
Platelets aggregation
Grapes and red wines Anthocyanins, catechins,
cyanidins, and flavonols,
myricetin and quercetin

26. References
•https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2014/9/kale-
immunostimulatory-and-anticancer-
effects#:~:text=Phytonutrients%20found%20in%20kale%20can,
of%20key%20minerals%20and%20vitamins.
•Review Article-Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in the
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Eman M. Alissa
and Gordon A. Ferns