Nutragenomics 2

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1. Nutragenomics The answer may be your genes……

2. Contents Introduction of Nutragenomics Nutrigenetics vs Nutragenomics Gene-diet-disease interaction Application of Nutragenomics Cardiovascular diseases Bone health Diabetes Mellitus Alzheimer’s disease Cancer Advantages & Disadvantages Advances in Nutragenomics Bioinfiormatic approach What is your DNA telling you?????

3. Introduction Nutrigenomics  is a branch of nutritional genomics and is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression This means that nutrigenomics is research focusing on identifying and understanding molecular-level interaction between nutrients and other dietary  bioactives  with the genome  It will also determine the individual nutritional requirements based on the genetic makeup of the person as well as the association between diet and chronic diseases What is Nutrigenomics?

4. Genes and nutrients In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that tell a specific cell in the body about the diet. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the cell. Such a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the cell obtains information through the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is the diet. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins

5. nutrigenomics and nutragenetics These are defined as the science of the effect of genetic variation on dietary response and the role of nutrients and bioactive food compounds in gene expression, respectively

6. NUTRAGENOMICS OF THE NUTRIENTS Nutrigenomics Its the application of genomics in nutritional research The way in which food/food ingredients influence the gene Nutrigenetics Study of individual differences at the genetic level influencingdiet response Differences may be at the level of SNPs than at gene level

7. Nutrigenomics / Nutrigenitcs deal with few, though important, concepts Specific dietary profiles can modulate the delicate balance between health and disease acting, either directly or indirectly, on gene expression The individual genetic makeup, that is , the presence of polymorphisms in nutrient regulated genes, affects individual risk of diseases Personalized diets, which take into account individual genotype, represent the ultimate goal of Nutrigenomics / Nutrigenetics studies, as they can lower risk in genetically predisposed individuals or population groups.

8. Central factors First there is great diversity in the inherited genome between ethnic groups and individuals which affects nutrient bioavailability and metabolism. Second, people differ greatly in their food/nutrient availability and choices depending on cultural, economical, geographical and taste perception differences. Third malnutrition (deficiency or excess) itself can affect gene expression and genome stability Underpin Nutragenomics & Nutrigenetics

9. Scientific bases Due to naturally occurring mutations humans differ in their DNA which is called variation or polymorphism of DNA. The most common type of DNA polymorphism are SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). SNPs may influence the way individuals absorb, transport, store or metabolize nutrients.  This may determine requirements for different nutrients and this assumption forms the basis for nutrigenetic sciences. 

10. APPLICATIONS….. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases Bone health Role in Diabetes Mellitus Cancer Role in Alzheimer’s disease

11. Nutrigenomics represents a suitable approach to cardiovascular disease and bone disease Use of nutrigenomics for disease prevention and intervention

12. BONE HEALTH…… ROLE OF NUTRIGENOMIC IN METABOLISM OF VITAMIN D….

13. ROLE IN DIABETES MELLITUS….

14. CANCER AND NUTRAGENOMICS…….

15. Role of nutrigenomics in Alzheimer's

16. Nutrigenomics In Dementia/ alzheimer Diet affects gene expression patterns, chromatin organization, and protein post-translational modifications Long-term effects of diet may influence the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, water, major minerals, and trace elements leading to multiple nutrition-related pathologies (i.e., obesity, diabetes, anemia, vitamin deficiencies, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, cancer),as potential risk factors for cerebrovascular disorders or vascular dementia and aggravating factors for patients with genetic predisposition to suffer AD.

17. Genes relevant for Nutrigenomics and Dementia Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Apolipoprotein A (APOE) and APOA1. Leptin , interleukin-1 (IL1). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and peroxisome proliferator -activated receptors (PPARs).

18. Importance of nutrition in Alzheimer The importance of nutrition in AD relies on at least 6 different basic aspects Psychomotor dysfunction, apraxia , dysphagia and behavioral changes in nutritional habits, together with weight loss, may become an important issue in AD daily management with clinical consequences for patients. Chronic nutritional deficiency due to either endogenous or exogenous factors may contribute to metabolic dysfunction with direct or indirect repercussions on brain metabolism potentially leading to neurodegeneration Guide to Food is Medicine ………

19. Continued AD is a heterogenic, multifactorial disorder in which more than 200 genes in conjunction with diverse environmental factors may affect neuronal survival, contributing to neuronal dysregulation and cell death. Different types of food may interfere or facilitate the absorption and gastrointestinal processing of many drugs currently taken by AD patients Nutrigenetic /nutrigenomics studies indicate that both nutrients and drugs operate according to a genotype-dependent program in AD.

20. Brain of Healthy Older Adult Brain of Person with Alzheimer’s Disease

21. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES…

22. Advances in Nutragenomics Nutrition research has moved from classical epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics Bioactive food components interact with the Genome transcription Proteome expression Metabolome production To study these complex interaction modern fields of science evolve like Analytical techniques of biochemistry Bioinformatics

23. Advances in nutragenomics Transcriptomics Gene expression microarray technology Sequencing based technologies Bioinformatics and gene ontology database Proteomics Bottom up approach Top down approach Metabolomics Analytical techniques like Mass spectrometer Nuclear magnetic resonanace Data analysis Nutragenomics has been divided into three fields

24. Latest bioinformatics revolution emerges the nutragenomics

25. Bioinformatic tools in nutragenomics High through put technologies in transcriptomics are DAVID Onto-express fatiGO GOminer EASE ProfCom Bioinformatic tools for proteomics and metabolomics are COMPOSER MODELER InsightII SYBYL

26. References Simopoulos AP. Nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics.  Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:53–68.  Corella D, Ordovas JM. Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:637–651. Trujillo E, Davis C, Milner J. Nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics , and the practice of dietetics. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:403–413.  Ferguson LR. Nutrigenomics approaches to functional foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:452–458.

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