Nutrient-1

NUTRIENT

1. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
FON 241
Principles of Human
Nutrition
Chapter 1
Lori Zienkewicz, MS. RD.
Instructor

2. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
What does it mean to you?

3. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
How is your food intake
influenced?
• Emotion
• Personal Preference
• Habit
• Ethnic Heritage
• Social gatherings
• Convenience
• Body weight and image
• Medical reasons
• Nutrition
• Others…….

4. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Carbohydrate Vitamins
Fat Minerals

Protein Water

5. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
The Two Classes of
Nutrients
1. Energy Yielding:
Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein
2.Non-energy Yielding:
Vitamins, Minerals, Water

6. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Body Composition of Healthy-Weight Men and Women
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fat
Water
Fat

7. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Energy Yielding Nutrients:
Nutrient Energy
Carbohydrate 4kcal/g
Protein 4kcal/g
Fat 9kcal/g
Alcohol (Non-nutrient) 7kcal/g

8. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Table 1-1
Page 7

9. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Energy, defined:
•Calorie- a unit of energy that food
provides the body.
•1 calorie is the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of
1g water by 1
o
C.
•1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories

10. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Figure 1-2
Page 10
Energy Density of Two Breakfast Options Compared
LOWER ENERGY DENSITY HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY
This 450-gram breakfast delivers 500
kcalories, for an energy density of 1.1
(500 kcal ¸ 450 g 1.1 = kcal/g).
This 144-gram breakfast also delivers
500 kcalories, for an energy density of 3.5
(500 kcal ¸144 g = 3.5 kcal/g).

11. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
•The Scientific Method
–Hypothesis vs. Theory
–Experimental group vs.
control group
–Randomization
–Sample size
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
•The Scientific Method
Epidemiological studies
Determine factors in a population
Laboratory-based studies
Conducted in test-tubes or on animals
Human intervention or clinical
trials
•Involve human beings who follow a
specific regimen

14. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
•The Scientific Method
–Placebo effect
•Blind experiment
–Participants do not know which group
they are part of.
•Double-blind experiment
–Both the participants and the
researcher do not know which group is
the experimental and which is the
control.
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
•The Scientific Method
–Correlations and causes
•Positive correlation vs.
negative correlation
•Replication
–Peer review
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
•Research Vs. Rumors
–Scientific validity
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
How much do I need?
The Daily Reference Intakes
•Information gathered from expert
scientists who studied nutrient
needs.
•Needs are set high above the
recommended range to meet the
needs of most healthy people.
•Recommendations are made based
on scientific research.

19. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Dietary Reference Intakes
Include the Following:
1.Estimated Average
Requirements
2.Recommended
Dietary Allowances
3. Adequate Intakes
4. Tolerable Upper
Level Intake Levels

20. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
DRI
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
DRI
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Why is intake important?
1.Meet nutritional needs.
2.Avoid nutrient deficiencies.
3.Prevent nutrient toxicity.

23. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Energy
Recommendations
•Estimated Energy Requirement
•Acceptable Macronutrient
Distribution Ranges
–Carbohydrate: 45% - 65%
–Fat: 20% - 35%
–Protein: 10% - 35%
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Energy
Recommendations

25. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Table 1-5
Page 24

26. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Table 1-6
Page 25

27. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Malnutrition:
•Symptoms are similar
to those of other diseases
(diarrhea, skin rashes,
pain)
•Easy to misdiagnose
•A result of poor nutrition

28. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Overnutrition:
•An excess of energy
intake
•May lead to obesity,
putting the person
at risk for chronic
diseases.

29. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Undernutrition:
•A deficiency of
energy
•Extreme thinness,
loss in muscle
tissue, prone to
infection or
disease.

30. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Nutrition Research
Why all the Confusion??
•What information should I
believe?
•Who is telling the truth?
•Why is there so much
controversy?

31. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Table H1-2
Page 34

32. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Figure H1-1
Page 35
Sources of Reliable Nutrition Information
Journals
Websites
Reviews
Indexes

33. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Registered Dietitians
•Undergraduate degrees in Human
Nutrition, Dietetics or related field.
•Must complete an America Dietetic
Association approved one-year clinical
internship.
•Must pass a national registration exam in
nutrition and maintain continuing
education to keep credential (R.D.)
•Registered Dietitians are the Nutrition
Experts.

34. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Fake Credentials??
•Nutrimedicine
•Nutritionist
•Board Certified Clinical
Nutritionist

35. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Red Flags of Nutrition Quackery
Time tested
Such findings would be widely
publicized and accepted by
health professionals.
Quick and
easy fixes
Even proven
treatments
take time to
be effective.
One product does it all
No one product can possibly
treat such a diverse array of
conditions.
Natural
Natural is not
necessarily better
or safer; any
product that is
strong enough
to be effective is
strong enough
to cause
side effects.
Satisfaction
guaranteed
Marketers may make
generous promises, but
consumers won’t be
able to collect on them.
Paranoid
accusations
And this product’s
company doesn’t
want money?
At least the drug
company has
scientific research
proving the safety
and effectiveness
of its products.
Personal
testimonials
Hearsay is the
weakest form of
evidence.
Meaningless
medical jargon
Phony terms hide
the lack of scientific
proof.

36. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Ask Yourself…..
•Is this person qualified to be giving
nutrition information or advice?
•What is his/her level of education
•Be cautious and always seek the
advice of a Registered Dietitian.

37. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz

38. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Self check:
1.What are the 6 nutrients?
2.Which nutrients yield energy?
3.Which nutrients do NOT yield
energy?

39. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Self check:
1.How many calories are
obtained from the following
nutrients?
Carbohydrate Vitamins
Protein Minerals
Fat Water

40. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Self check:
Give an example of each of the
following:
•Malnutrition
•Overnutrition
•Undernutrition

41. FON 241 Principles of Human
Nutrition, L. Zienkewicz
Self check:
1.How do you find credible
nutrition information?
2.What is the difference
between a nutritionist and a
registered dietitian?