NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN POULTRY-5.pptx

Diseases of Poultry

1. University of Agricultural Sciences Dharawad Name: Subhashchandra L. Shabannavar ID.No.: UGS19AGR9443 Course: Poultry Production Technology AEL-406(0+10) Topic : Nutritional Deficiency Diseases of Poultry College Of Agriculture Vijayapura COURSE TEACHER, Dr. . S. Y. Mukartal Associate Professor and Head Department of Animal Science AC , Vijayapura Dr. . S. Y. Mukartal

2. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF POULTRY NUTRITION Nutrition is the science that deals with the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to organism growth, reproduction, health and disease management. TYPES: Macronutrients- needed in larger quantities. examples- carbohydrates, protein, fats, fibre , water Micronutrients- needed in smaller quantities. examples- vitamins and minerals. Deficiencies of essential nutrients can arise for one of two reasons . Either the nutrient is not present in the food that the bird is consuming , or The bird has a physiological maladjustment preventing it from being able to utilize the nutrient , although it is available in the feed . Deficiencies of essential nutrients in feed causes diseases known as a Nu tr it io na l de fi ci en cy di se as es or Metabolic Diseases.

3. Slipped tendon /perosis:(Manganese Deficiency) Perosis is caused by a deficiency of a number of trace nutrients, primarily Manganese and choline, but zinc, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid and niacin may also be involved. In turkeys, it may be an inherited galactosamine deficiency It is usually seen in poultry under six weeks of age and results in flattened and enlarged hocks. This causes slippage of the Achilles tendon at the hock which causes the foot and shank to extend laterally from the body, and only appears in one leg. It is called ‘ spraddle legs ’ if both legs are affected and is most often caused by injuries received when other chicks pile upon it or when the chick is placed on slick flooring soon after hatching. slippage of the Achilles tendon at the hock which causes the foot and shank to extend laterally from the body, and only appears in one leg

4. The bird is immobilized and unable to feed. In adults , egg production drops and eggs may be infertile and thin shelled . There is a high incidence of bone deformity in hatched chicks TREATMENT Feeding a diet that contains atleast 30-40 mg of manganese per kg of feed.

5. Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome The disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat deposits in the liver and abdominal cavity, along with a hemorrhagic and fragile liver. The Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) is a widely prevalent sporadic disease mainly among commercial layers. The FLHS outbreaks are often associated with hot weather and a period of extensive egg-laying. The hens in the flock are overweight (on the average by 20% or more) and a sudden drop in egg production is observed. The birds are discovered suddenly dead, with pale head skin. In the abdomen, large blood clots are detected. The liver is enlarged, pale and brittle.

6. Protein Deficiency A feed low in protein will cause Poor feathering Feather plucking Cannibalism Retardation of growth and egg production. Eggs have low hatchability. A shortage of the amino acid tryptophan is linked to nicotinic acid deficit causing leg weakness , If protein levels are increased , birds will recover. Poor Feathering Treatment: Cotton seed cake, soyabean, groundnut cake. Protein supplements like a) vetcare b) lysocare Cannibalism

7. Vitamin A Deficiency Birds become weak with ruffled feathers. Egg production drops markedly, hatchability decreases, and embryonic mortality increases. As egg production declines, there will likely be only small follicles in the ovary, some of which show signs of hemorrhage. Xerophthalmia: A watery discharge from the eyes may also be noted. As the deficiency continues, milky white, cheesy material accumulates in the eyes, making it impossible for birds to see . The eye, in many cases, may be destroyed. Treatment: Administering vit A through water for 5-7 days. Powder form of yellow maize, lucerne are supplements of vit- A Synthetic Vit-A. Milky white, cheesy material accumulates in the eyes

8. Vitamin E Deficiency and Selenium Toxicity The three main disorders seen in chicks deficient in vitamin E are encephalomalacia(Crazy chick Disease), exudative diathesis, and muscular dystrophy . Encephalomalacia is caused by Hemorrhages in brain. The chicks will show loss of co-ordination, muscle tremors,) followed by renal failure and death. Exudative diathesis to occur, the diet must be deficient in both vitamin E and selenium. Muscular dystrophy is rare in chicks, because the diet must be deficient in both sulfur amino acids and vitamin E Selenium toxicity : Chicks from excess selenium show impaired development and may hatch eyeless, or with the upper beak missing. Hatchability of eggs is greatly reduced Treatment: Oral administration of a single dose of vitamin E(300 IU per bird) Barley, cotton seed meal, lucerne, maize gluten meal are good source of vit E. Crazy chick Disease Torticollis(twisting of the neck)

9. Deficiency of Vitamin D ,Calcium and Phosphorus The deficiency of vitamin D and phosphorus are more common in growing birds whereas the calcium deficiency in young or adult layer hens. Calcium, phosphorus and Vitamin D are essential in bone formation . Vitamin D is required for the normal absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Hypocalcemia occurs when chicken blood calcium levels are Low. The vitamin D3 deficiency or lack, or the impaired ratio of calcium and phosphorus result in Rachitis in young birds. A deficiency can result in rickets in young growing chickens or osteoporosis and/or poor eggshell quality in laying hens(egg layers requires calcium to form eggshell), even though the diet may be well supplied with calcium and phosphorus.  Deficiency symptoms include bone abnormalities , low feed conversion ratios , impaired fertility and drop or cessation of egg production Treatment: Recommended levels synthetic D-3 in various feeds of poultry. Vitamin D supplements: Synthetic D3, bonemeal etc. T hin shelled egg Rickets in young growing chicken

10. Thiamine Deficiency or Chicken polyneuritis Chicken Polyneuritis : Chicks will sit on their flexed legs and draw back their head in a star-gazing position, which is often referred to as wry neck . Retraction of the head is due to paralysis of the anterior neck muscles. Inability to stand or sit upright In adult chickens, thiamin deficiency signs include: General weakness, Impaired digestion and Severe loss of appetite. The bird will not resume eating unless given foods containing thiamine. High mortality of embryos prior to hatching in eggs produced by deficient parents. Any chicks that do hatch will demonstrate clinical signs of severe thiamine deficiency. Chicks will sit on their flexed legs and draw back their head in a star-gazing position

11. Niacin Deficiency The sciatic nerves produce “curled-toe” paralysis in growing chickens. Egg production is affected, and riboflavin-deficient eggs do not hatch.  Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome : It is an increase in size and fat content of the liver.  Riboflavin Deficiency Niacin deficiency is characterized by severe disorders in the skin and digestive organs. The first signs are usually loss of appetite, retarded growth, general weakness, and diarrhea. Deficiency produces enlargement of valgus- varus bowing of the legs, poor feathering, and dermatitis on the head and feet. Niacin deficiency in chicks can also result in “ black tongue .” Retarded growth and poor feathering in same age chickens Curled-toe Paralysis in Riboflovin Defucient chicks Dermatitis in Poultry

12. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) Deficiency vitamin B 6  deficiency causes retarded growth, chondrodystrophy, and characteristic nervous behavior. Chicks may show jerky, nervous movements of the legs, run aimlessly about, flapping their wings, or squatting with their wings slightly spread out and their heads resting on the ground. Chronic borderline B6 deficiency produces perosis ; usually one leg is severely crippled, and one or both of the middle toes may be bent inward at the first joint. In chicks, the first signs are reduced growth and feed consumption, poor feathering with feathers becoming ruffled and brittle, and a rapidly developing dermatitis. The corners of the beak and the area below the beak are usually the worst affected regions for dermatitis, but the condition is also noted on the feet.  Pantothenic Acid Deficiency Inflammatory changes at corner of beak and at the eyelids Faded and Rough plumage Neuritis and squatting position

13. Vitamin K deficiency Chickens with vitamin K deficiency have delayed blood clotting, and will excessively bleed even with minor injuries. In severe cases, a lack of vitamin K will cause subcutaneous and internal hemorrhages, which can be fatal. Chickens will develop large hemorrhages on their body. Eggs from vitamin-K deficient breeders will cause increased embryo mortality late in incubation. Treatment: Inclusion of manadione at 1-4mg/ton of feed Anemic appearance resulting from Vitamin K deficiency Biotin deficiency Biotin deficiency results in dermatitis of the feet and the skin around the beak and eyes similar to that described for pantothenic acid deficiency ( see  Pantothenic Acid Deficiency ). Perosis and footpad dermatitis are also characteristic signs Adequate(left) and deficient foot pad lesions H emorrhages

14. .  Deficiency results in poor feathering, slow growth, an anemic appearance, and sometimes perosis .  As anemia develops, the comb becomes a waxy-white color, and pale mucous membranes in the mouth are noted. Folic Acid deficiency Vitamin B 12 deficiency Required for synthesis of Haemoglobin and Folic acid Deficiency causes nervous disorders,poor feathering and leg weakness Choline deficiency In addition to poor growth, the classic sign of choline deficiency in chicks and poults is perosis . Thank You Iodine deficiency Sign and symptom Enlargement of thyroid gland ( G oitre ) Treatment Deficiency symptom can be avoided by supplementing the feed with as little as 0.5 mg of iodine /kg of feed. Zinc deficiency Sign and symptom Retarded growth Shortening and thickening of leg bones , enlargement of hock joint Scaling of skin, loss of apetite and poor feathering and severe cases mortality.