Nutrient Management in organic farming.pptx

Organic Farming

1. Nutrient Management In Organic Farming Muneeb Ur Rehman

2. Crop rotation. Cover cropping. Addition of compost/FYM. Application of green manures. Application of crop residues. Supplemental application of organically approved amendments. Use of biofertilizers. Nutrient management practices

3. An ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and management practices that restore, maintain or enhance ecological harmony. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people. In simple words, it is a practice that does not use or limit the use of any chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). What is Organic farming/Agriculture

4. The management of nutrients in organic farming systems presents a formidable challenge, as using inorganic fertilizers is not permitted. Therefore, organic must optimize a range of soil, crop rotation and manure management to ensure a nutrient supply that will guarantee optimum crop yields and minimize environmental losses. To achieve this objective, an appreciation of the nutrient cycles in farming systems is essential which is possible through various practices. Nutrient Management

5. Crop rotation is a key aspect of sustainable organic farming. Different crop types have different nutrient requirements. After every season, the soil has to be enriched with the nutrients that have been taken up by the previous crop, or a sustainable method would be to grow such crop types in the same plot, but which have a different nutrient requirement than the previous crop. This, in effect, ensures that the soil is always enriched with the essential nutrients. The rotation of crops also ensures that certain types of pests are controlled as the crop rotation will break the life cycle of the pests as certain crop types are inherently unfavorable to pests. Crop rotation

6. Cover crops are crops grown to improve the farming system. Tools for increasing fertility and controlling weeds, pathogens, and insects in organic crops. Cover crops can also generate additional income when grown for seed or feed, or as an energy crop. Non-leguminous cover crops, typically grasses or small grains, do not fix nitrogen but can effectively recover mineralized nitrogen from the soil after crops are harvested. When legume or grass cover crops are killed and incorporated into the soil, living microorganisms in the soil go to work to decompose plant residues. The biomass nitrogen is mineralized and converted first to ammonium (NH4 ) and then to nitrate compounds (NO3 ) that plant roots can take up and use. Cover Crops

7. Application of compost/FYM A biological process that requires careful monitoring of air and moisture levels in compost piles or windrows to produce specific temperature ranges that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms. Regularly adding compost is one of the best ways to enhance soil’s organic and humic content, which helps build a fertile soil structure. Populations of microorganisms that make soil come alive with productivity and enable plants to battle diseases and pests thrive in such an environment. A way to recycle manures and plant residues that otherwise might present some environmental problems. Soil with 4% OM contains 1814kg of total nitrogen/acre.

8. Compost nutrient cycle

9. Application of green manure A practice of plowing or turning into the soil undecomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving soil fertility. Objective: To add organic matter into the soil and, thus, enrich it with ‘N’, the most important and deficient nutrient. Types Green manure Green leaf manure

10. Green Manure When green manure crops are grown in the field itself either as a pure crop or as an intercrop with the main crop and buried in the same field, it is known as Green manuring. Green manuring is growing in field plants usually belonging to the leguminous family and incorporated into the soil after sufficient growth. The most important green manure crops are sunn hemp, dhaincha ,  pillipesara , cluster beans and  Sesbania rostrata. Advantages Improves soil structure Increases water holding capacity and Decreases soil loss by erosion

11. Crop Age (Days) Dry matter (t/ha) N accumulated Sesbania aculeata 60 23.2 133 Sunnhemp 60 30.6 134 Cow  pea 60 23.2 74 Pillipesara 60 25.0 102 Cluster bean 50 3.2 91 Sesbania rostrata 50 5.0 96 Biomass production and N accumulation of green manure crops Plant Scientific name Nutrient content (%) on air dry basis N P2O5 K Sunhemp Crotalaria juncea 2.30 0.50 1.80 Dhaincha Sesbania aculeata 3.50 0.60 1.20 Sesbania Sesbania speciosa 2.71 0.53 2.21 Nutrient content of green manure crops

12. Green leaf Manure Application of green leaves and twigs of trees, shrubs and herbs collected from elsewhere is known as green leaf manuring. Forest tree leaves are the main sources for green leaf manure. Plants growing in wastelands, field bunds etc., are another source of green leaf manure. The important plant species useful for green leaf manure are neem, mahua, wild indigo, Glyricidia , Karanji   ( Pongamia glabra)  calotropis , avise (Sesbania grandiflora),  subabul and other shrubs.

13. Plant Scientific name Nutrient content (%) on air dry basis N P2O5 K Gliricidia Gliricidia sepium 2.76 0.28 4.60 Pongania Pongamia glabra 3.31 0.44 2.39 Neem Azadirachta indica 2.83 0.28 0.35 Gulmohur Delonix regia 2.76 0.46 0.50 Peltophorum Peltophorum ferrugenum 2.63 0.37 0.50 Weeds Parthenium Parthenium hysterophorus 2.68 0.68 1.45 Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes 3.01 0.90 0.15 Trianthema Trianthema portulacastrum 2.64 0.43 1.30 Ipomoea Ipomoea 2.01 0.33 0.40 Calotrophis Calotropis gigantea 2.06 0.54 0.31 Cassia Cassia fistula 1.60 0.24 1.20 Nutrient content of green leaf manure Advantages Green manuring improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity and decreases soil loss by erosion. Growing green manure crops in the off-season reduces weed proliferation and growth. Green manuring helps in the reclamation of alkaline soils. Root-knot nematodes can be controlled by green manuring.

14. Application of crop residues Crop residues are materials left on cultivated land after the crop has been harvested. Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective ant erosion measure . Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO 2  in the soil. Good residue management practices on agricultural lands positively impact soil quality. This includes process wastes like groundnut shell, oil cakes, rice husks and cobs of maize, sorghum and cumbu . The greatest potential as a biomass resource appears to be from the field residues of sorghum, maize, soybean, cotton, sugarcane etc

15. Supplemental Application Of Organically Approved Amendments. Soil amendments are also known as conditioners. Improve the structure of soil and, ultimately, its ability to deliver water, air, and nutrients to plants. Encourage nutrient recycling by developing the innate structure of the soil. Organic amendments are the safest and most effective means of promoting soil fertility. For acidic conditions: Apply lime but depends on crop rotation and soil conditions. For alkali conditions: Apply gypsum

16. Bio-fertilizers Biofertilizers are ready-to-use live formulates of such beneficial microorganisms which, on application to seed, root or soil mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora and in turn the soil health in general. Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help safeguard the soil health and the quality of crop products. Increase crop yield by 20-30%. Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%. Stimulate plant growth. Activate the soil biologically. Restore natural soil fertility. Provide protection against drought and some soil borne diseases. Benefits Cost effective. Supplement to fertilizers. Eco-friendly (Friendly with nature). Reduces the costs of fertilizers use, especially regarding nitrogen and phosphorus. Advantages

17. Conclusion Optimizing soil ‘health is the foundation of organic agriculture. Emphasis is being placed on maintaining high levels of soil biological activity and organic matter coupled with balanced/optimum nutrient levels. Organics aims to ‘feed the soil to feed the crop’ by maintaining soil biology and nutrients at optimum levels throughout the rotation rather than the non-organic approach of applying nutrients to feed the current crop to maximize yield. Organics, therefore, takes a long-term, whole farm/systems approach to nutrient management based on regular soil tests and nutrient budgets to determine when soil nutrients must be replaced.

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