Nutrigenomics

This ppt is about Nutrigenomics

1. nutrigenomics Ch.Vennela 1175-22-520-014

2. Contents : NUTRIGENOMICS 2 Introduction BASICS OF GENETICS NUTRIGENOMICS AND HGP NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS NUTRIGENETICS NUTRIGENOMICS METHODS OF NUTRIGENOMICS NUTRIGENOMICS APPROACH TO FUNCTIONAL FOODS: ROLE OF PERSONALIZED DIET IN NUTRIGENOMICS NUTRIGENOMICS AND CHRONIC DISEASES NUTRIGENOMICS TESTING CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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4. INTRODUCTION : Nutrigeno mics is the branch of nutritional genomics and it is the study of effects of foods and food constituents on the gene expression. Nutritional genomic is a science which studies the relationship between Human Genome ,Nutrition and health. There are two aspects ; Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics Historical development in Nutrigenomics: The term "nutrigenomics" emerged in the early 2000s, marking the intersection of nutrition and genomics. Human Genome Project (2003) , Personalized Nutrition (Late 2000s), Integration of Omics(metabolomics ,proteomics) Technologies (2010s), Public Health Implications (2020s) 5 nutrigenomics

5. 6 nutrigenomics BASICS OF GENETICS: GENOME : The entire set of DNA found in a cell. CHROMOSOME : Thread like structures located inside the cell. Made of protein and nucleic acids. GENES : Small sections of DNA that code for proteins. NUCLEOTIDES : Basic building blocks of nucleic acids that composed of nitrogeneous base, sugar, phosphate group. Genetics plays a fundamental role in the development of organisms by determining the characteristics and traits that are passed down from one generation to the next. The genetic information of an organism is stored in its DNA, which contains the instructions for the synthesis of all the proteins and other molecules that are necessary for the development and function of the organism.

6. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT : 7 nutrigenomics The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003. BENEFITS OF HGP: In the field of molecular medicine ; include better diagnosis of disease, early detection of certain diseases, and gene therapy and control systems for drugs . It can also be very useful for the understanding of human evolution and human migration. It may help lead scientists to find out how humans have evolved and how humans are evolving today. It will also help to understand the common biology that we share with all life on earth.  In the field of agriculture and livestock breeding. This technology could help to develop disease, insect, and drought resistant crops thus being able to produce more for the world. It would also help to produce healthier, more productive, and possibly disease resistant animals to be sent to market.

7. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND NUTRIGENOMICS: The Human Genome Project laid the foundation by providing a comprehensive map of the human genome, while nutrigenomics builds upon this knowledge to explore the relationship between genetics and nutrition. Both the Human Genome Project and Nutrigenomics contribute to the understanding of genetics factors involved in disease susceptibility. The data generated by the Human Genome Project provides a valuable resource for researchers in the field of Nutrigenomics. 8 nutrigenomics

8. NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS: NUTRITIGENOMICS 9  Nutritional genomics focuses on the interaction between the bioactive components of food and the genome, and includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. N utrigenetics describes that the genetic profile has an impact on the body’s response to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism and site of action. In addition, it analyses genetic variants (polymorphisms or SNPs) in DNA that are associated with nutrition-related diseases. Nutrigenomics  studies how nutrients affect gene expression . In other words, nutrigenomics provides a genetic understanding of how common dietary components affect the balance between health and disease by altering the expression and/or structure of an individual’s genetic make-up.

9. 10 nutrigenomics (genetic modifications that impact gene activity without changing the DNA sequence)

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11. NUTRIGEnetics : Nutrigenetics identifies how the genetic makeup of a particular individual co-ordinates his or her response to various dietary nutrients . It also reveals why and how people respond differently to the same nutrient (or drugs). It also specifies how individual genetic variance impacts response to nutrients such that an individual can avoid negative metabolic consequences by choosing appropriate foods.  12 NUTRIGENOMICS 1.

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13. MTHFR POLYMORPHISM A classic example C677T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase , MTHFR  gene which results in its reduced activity, leading to the less efficient conversion of homocysteine to methionine . T he activity of the reaction catalyzed by the  MTHFR  gene can be modified depending on the amount of two essential nutrients: folate, which is the substrate for  MTHFR , and riboflavin, a cofactor of  MTHFR . “Therefore, the risks associated with  MTHFR  activity can be markedly modified, for better or for worse, depending on fortification and supplementation strategies,” says Michael Fenech , a research scientist at the CSIRO Genome Health and Nutrigenomics Laboratory in Adelaide, Australia.   Mothers are required to supplement with high-dose folic acid to prevent neural tube defects in the infant, this practice may actually allow more babies to be born with the  MTHFR  C677T.  14 NUTRIGENOMICS 3.

14. Nutrigenomics: Controlled intervention study data published in the July 1998 issue of  Carcinogenesis and the April 2001 issue of  Mutation Research  indicate that a folate intake greater than 200 μg /day is required for chromosomal stability. In the May 2005 issue of  Carcinogenesis   Fenech and his colleagues identified nine key nutrients that may affect genomic integrity. When consumed in increasing amounts in food, six of these nutrients ( folate , vitamin B 12 , niacin, vitamin E, retinol, and calcium) are associated with a reduction in DNA damage, whereas three others ( riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin) are associated with an increase in DNA damage to the same extent observed with occupational exposure to genotoxic and carcinogenic chemicals. “ These observations indicate that nutritional deficiency or excess can cause DNA damage on its own and that the effects are of the same magnitude as that of many common environmental toxicants,” Fenech says. 15 nutrigenomics

15. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: 16 nutrigenomics Sickle cell Anemia a “Molecular disease”. Just one damaged molecule(genetic mutations) leads to a genetic disease. CAN FOOD IMPROVES THE EXPRESSION: Intrauterine, fetal hemoglobin has high affinity to capture oxygen from the mother’s blood. After birth, the genetic message for the production of this type of hemoglobin goes silent and replaced by the message for the production of adult hemoglobin. The fetal hemoglobin message is still on the genome; it is just not being expressed. Administering Hydroxyurea or butyrate to an individual who carries the genetic message for the production of sickle hemoglobin awakens the message to produce the normal fetal hemoglobin that dilutes the sickle hemoglobin ,preventing its aggregation. This nutritional intervention is a classical example of the genetic nutritioneering approach.

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17. METHODS OF NUTRIGENOMICS: 18 NUTRIGENOMICS

18. NUTRIGENOMICS APPROACH TO FUNCTIONAL FOODS: Functional food is any food or food component that is beneficial for health and also provide essential nutrients. Curcumin , a dietary flavonoid , inhibited adipogenesis in pre- adipocytes from humans. Curcumin reduce hyperglycemia and increase insulin sensitivity while also lowering TNF- levels. Probiotics are a type of fermented food that promotes good health. Lactobacillus acidophilus have a hypocholesterolemic impact by suppressing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase , it is a crucial enzyme in the production of cholesterol . 19 NUTRIGENOMICS

19. Role of personalized diet in nutrigenomics : nutrigenomics 20 Personalized nutrition is a field that can help humans to prevent ,manage and cure diseases ,as it includes the translation of human genome and phenotype. Therefore ,it is more accurate and can suggest more effective strategies to prevent the onset of disease.

20. NUTRIGENOMICS AND CHRONIC DISEASES: NUTRIGENOMICS 21 Nutrigenomics has received much attention recently because of its potentiality for preventing, mitigating or treating chronic disease and certain cancers. It is already established that human genomes are identical about 99.9% and there is only 0.01% difference that occurs due to SNPs.  Several research groups are engaged in seeking to understand the relationship between dietary/nutritional factors and the expression of genes, metabolic and physiological changes in the body. 

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23. Nutrigenomic testing: Genetic testing  analyzes DNA to reveal variations in the genes that may cause illness or disease.  Nutrigenomic testing is a specific genetic test showing an individual's unique nutritional needs. The test requires a cheek swab sent to a lab that examines about 70 or more particular genes. Once the genes are sequenced, lab companies and nutrigenomic healthcare practitioners typically run the genetic results through a  database to understand the clinical meaning behind the findings. The database will give clinical information about the specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ( SNP  - pronounced as "snip") identified in the sample based on current research. These SNPs are the variations found in a genetic sequence where a single nucleotide, the chemical composition of our genes, is altered. In other words , we only inherit the predisposition, but not the disease. Therefore, the sooner we learn about the possible risk we are exposed to, the sooner we take the necessary precautions. The pricing costs approximately 95 thousand rupees and above. 24 NUTRIGENOMICS

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25. Genetic testing centers in Hyderabad: Source: The Times of India, "Cheaper, faster DNA tests make diagnosis better" (May 7, 2018) 26 nutrigenomics BioAxis DNA Research Centre Pvt Ltd, Hayatnagar , Hyderabad, Telangana Mapmygenome India LTD- Madhapur , Hyderabad, Telangana  GenepoweRx , Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana   DNA Labs India, Amberpet , Hyderabad, Telangana Nutrigene Healthcare Services, Kukatpally , Hyderabad, Telangana GeneTech , Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana

26. CONCLUSION : NUTRIGENOMICS 27 Nutrigenomics can also help in assessing the interindividual variability of nutrient absorption and utilization, thus facilitating personalized dietary recommendations for specific health outcomes. Therefore, nutrigenomics will be an important area of nutrition research in future. Some of the potential implications of nutrigenomics on public health are as follows: ( i ) RDA or safe upper limits for population subgroups/individuals; ( ii ) match the nutrient intake combination (nutriome) with the genome profile so that DNA stability, genomic and proteomic profile, metabolism and cellular functions occur in a homeostatic ally sustainable manner; ( iii ) will give better understanding of data from epidemiological and clinical intervention studies with respect to health impacts of dietary factors; ( iv ) designing optimized intervention strategies; ( v ) appropriate diagnostic tools to assess and monitor micronutrient status and response to intervention.

27. 28 NUTRIGENOMICS Goutam Banerjee , Rounak Pal and Arun Kumar Ray, 2015. Applications of Nutrigenomics in Animal Sectors: A Review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10: 489-499. Neeha VS, Kinth P. Nutrigenomics research: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2013 Jun;50(3):415-28. Mead MN. Nutrigenomics: the genome--food interface. Environ Health Perspect . 2007 Dec;115(12):A582-9.  German JB, Zivkovic AM, Dallas DC, Smilowitz JT. Nutrigenomics and personalized diets: What will they mean for food? Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2011;2:97-123.  https://www.nutritionsociety.org Ordovás J (2024) A Multifaceted Approach to Precision Nutrition: The Genome, Epigenome , and Microbiome in the Prevention and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases Precision Nutrition, 10.1016/B978-0-443-15315-0.00019-5, (181-200). Batool , A., Farooq , U., Shafi , A., & Khan, Z. (2022)Nutrigenomics: Challenges and Opportunities.  REFERENCES:

28. Thank you