Nutrition During Pregnancy

Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins

1. Nutrition During Pregnancy Prepared by Hawraz Faris Saadi BSc. in Nursing 1

2. Nutrition Nutrition is basic human need and a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from very early age of life for growth, development and active life. Pregnancy is a period of great physiological stress for woman as she is nurturing a growing fetus in her body. Some changes occur in mother’s body which influences the need for nutrients & the efficacy with which the mother’s body uses the nutrients. 2

3. Nutrition Before Pregnancy Maintain a healthy weight Nutrient status Folate Iron Vitamin B12 Vitamin A 3

4. Unhealthy eating trends Irregular meal time (skip main meal). Craving for sweet snack or drink. High fat food intake (Fried foods and processed foods). Imbalance meal 4

5. Nutrition During Pregnancy ↑ Basal metabolic rate (BMR): Fetal growth & development increases the BMR by 5% during 1 st trimester and 12% during 2 nd & 3 rd trimester . This increases the total energy requirement . Gastrointestinal changes : There is an alteration in GI functions which causes nausea, constipation & vomiting. In later trimester of pregnancy absorption of nutrients like vitamin B12, iron and calcium increases in order to meet the increased needs of the mother & fetus. 5

6. Nutrition During Pregnancy Cont. Changes in body fluid: Mother’s blood volume increases so as to carry the appropriate amount of nutrients to the fetus and metabolic waste away from the fetus. With increase in the blood volume the concentrations of plasma proteins, hemoglobin and other blood constituents is lowered. 6

7. Importance of good nutrition during pregnancy Mother has to nurture the fetus, health of the newborn depends on nutritional status of the mother during and prior to conception . A well nourished woman prior to conception enters pregnancy with reserve of several nutrients that meets the needs of the growing fetus without affecting her own health. A well nourished woman suffers fewer complications during pregnancy & there are few chances of premature births. 7

8. Importance of good nutrition during pregnancy Cont. A well nourished mother will give birth to a healthy child. Maternal diet during pregnancy has a direct influence on fetal growth, size & health of the newborn. Poor nutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of complications such as prolonged labor and even death. 8

9. Importance of good nutrition during pregnancy Cont. During pregnancy the nutrient needs increases to develop maternal organs such as uterus, placenta and breast tissues. To build up body reserves to be utilized at the time of delivery and lactation . 9

10. Important Nutrition Tips for Pregnant and Lactating women Eat more food during pregnancy. Eat more whole grains, sprouted grams and fermented foods. Take milk/meat/eggs in adequate amounts. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits. Do not use alcohol and tobacco. Take iron, folate and calcium supplements regularly, after 14-16 weeks of pregnancy and continue the same during lactation . 10

11. Key Nutrients During Pregnancy Calories First trimester: No or little extra Second trimester: + 340 kcals/day Third trimester: + 450 kcals/day Protein +25 g/day (or 1.1 g/kg body weight) Carbohydrate 175 g/day 11

12. Key Nutrients During Pregnancy Cont. Folate Non-pregnant women: 400 µg/day Pregnant women: 600 µg/day B12 Non-pregnant women: 2.4 µg/day Pregnant women: 2.6 µg/day 12

13. Key Nutrients During Pregnancy Cont. Iron Premenopausal women : 18 mg/day Pregnant women: 27 mg/day Zinc Non-pregnant women: 8 mg/day Pregnant women: 11 mg/day 13

14. Key Nutrients During Pregnancy Cont. Vitamin D Does not increase during pregnancy Critical for bone and teeth development Calcium Does not increase during pregnancy Absorption and retention increases Deficiency common; needed to conserve maternal stores 14

15. Optimal Weight gain During Pregnancy BMI Before pregnancy Ideal weight gain Rate of weight gain after 1 st trimister Under weight (BMI <18.5) 12.5 – 18kg 0.5kg/ Week Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 11.5-16kg 0.4kg/ Week Over weight (BMI 25-29.9) 7-11.5kg 0.3kg / Week Obesity (BMI >30) <7kg 0.3kg / Week 15

16. 1 st Trimester A time of rapid cell division, organ development, and preparation for the demands of rapid fetal growth that occur during 2 nd and 3 rd trimester Critical Nutrition during this phase include: Protein Folic acid Vitamin B12 Zinc 16

17. 2 nd & 3 rd Trimesters Energy Intake: is especially important since 90% of fetal growth occurs during the last half of gestation Critical nutrients during this phase include: Protein Iron Calcium Magnesium Vitamin B Omega 3, fatty acid , DHA(Docosahexaenoic acid) 17

18. Nutrition During Lactation ENERGY An additional 500 kcal for the first six months, and 400 kcal during the next six months, are required for a lactating mother. This can be met by eating. Simply eating more of the usual balanced diet should allow you to meet the higher energy demand while you breastfeed. On average, 100 ml of human milk gives 70 kcal of energy. 18 03/30/2018

19. Nutrition During Lactation Cont. During the first six months after delivery, 750 ml of breast milk is produced daily. If the extra demand for energy is not met from dietary sources, then your reserved fat stores will be used instead . 19 03/30/2018

20. Nutrition During Lactation Cont. PROTEIN The increase in protein requirements during lactation are minimal compared to that of energy. However, if the energy intake is low, protein will be used for energy production. The additional protein requirements during lactation can be met by consuming protein rich foods (e.g. one egg or 25 g of cheese or 175 g of milk).  20 03/30/2018

21. Comparison of nutrient requirements in pregnancy and lactation Nutrient  Normal recommended intake     Recommended intake during pregnancy   Recommended intake during lactation Energy (kcal)  2,000  2,450  2,500  Protein (g)  46  71  71  Vitamin A ( μ g)  700  770  1,300  Iron (mg)  18  27  9  Folic acid ( μ g)  400  600  500  Iodine ( μ g)  150  220  290  Zinc (mg)  8  11  12 21

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