Nutrition - Grade 10, SSC TS

Nutrition in plants and animals or humans, based on SCERT 10 grade (Telangana), made for the purpose of classroom teaching.

1. Unit – 1 NUTRITION Latin : ‘ Nutrire ’ = feed or nourish -by Noor Teacher 1

2. -by Noor Teacher 2

3. -by Noor Teacher 3

4. All living organisms need food for various purposes The mode of acquiring food material is different from organism to organism -by Noor Teacher 4

5. Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic organism makes their own food using sunlight energy, nutrients (mineral salts), water and air. They produce complex compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids from simple substances. These complex compounds are used by heterotrophs for energy -by Noor Teacher 5

6. -by Noor Teacher 6

7. Autotrophs are called ‘ The Universal Food Providers ’. Von Helmont studied that plants obtain nutrition from various other sources than soil. The process by which plant make their own food is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS -by Noor Teacher 7

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Green pigment ‘ Chloroplast ’ build up complex organic molecules from simple inorganic ones using sunlight. Its simple equation is given by C.B Van Neil in 1931. -by Noor Teacher 8

9. Van Neil first worked on purple sulphur bacteria and found light plays specific role in photosynthesis Instead of H 2 they used H 2 S and sulphur is evolved instead of O 2 Later, Robert Hill showed that O 2 is released from water during this reaction. -by Noor Teacher 9

10. Plants first synthesize carbohydrates (simple sugars) and from them, more complex ones like starch and cellulose . Plants can also synthesize protein, fats etc. but animals can not synthesize carbohydrates so depend on plant -by Noor Teacher 10

11. Testing Presence of Starch in Leaves Take soft thin leaf exposed to sunlight Boil leaf in water and take methylated spirit in test tube Transfer boiled leaf into test tube of methylated spirit Boil this tube in water bath Chlorophyll dissolves in spirit, leaf becomes pale Take the leaf into Petridish and add few drops of Iodine solution -by Noor Teacher 11

12. Observation: Presence of Starch is indicated by blue - black colour -by Noor Teacher 12

13. Materials Required by Plant to Carry Photosynthesis Water – Von Helmont (Increase in plant mass) Air – Joseph Priestly in 1770 revealed role of air on growth of green plants -by Noor Teacher 13

14. In 18 th century Lavoisier and Priestly studies on properties of gasses. Oxygen was discovered by Priestly in 1774, later Lavoisier named it ‘oxygen’ -by Noor Teacher 14

15. By this experiment he know that plants take CO 2 Plants exchange gasses with the help of stomata and lenticel -by Noor Teacher 15

16. By these experiments they came to conclusion that the air we breathe is produced by plants and the air plants breathe is produced by us. Experiment to prove that CO 2 is necessary for plants We need De-starch plan (kept in dark for 3 days) -by Noor Teacher 16

17. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) absorbs CO 2 of the half leaf in the bottle. Now test the leaf for starch (food of plant)using Iodine solution. Iodine turns the leaf bluish-black if starch is present. -by Noor Teacher 17

18. How do plants produce Oxygen using CO 2 and H 2 O ? -by Noor Teacher 18

19. Jan Ingenhousz, Dutch Scientist observed that water plants produce bubbles only in presence of light. Conclusion: Light is important to produce oxygen Later Ingenhousz also proposed that only GREEN parts of plants can carry out photosynthesis (making own food using sunlight, CO 2 and H 2 O) -by Noor Teacher 19

20. Sunlight is necessary to form starch in green plants -by Noor Teacher 20

21. Pelletier and Caventou in 1817 obtained an extract of green colour substance and named it as Chlorophyll (meaning Green leaf) -by Noor Teacher 21

22. They also found that plants contain other colour pigments such as C a r o t e n o i d s and p h y c o b i l i n s which helps in photosynthesis, by passing on the energy of sunlight to chlorophyll -by Noor Teacher 22

23. In 1883 Julius Von Sachs , observed that chlorophyll is not spread throughout the plant cell but is present only in some organelles (parts) of cell. Such organelles were named as ‘Chloroplast’ -by Noor Teacher 23

24. Chloroplast are around 40 to 100 in number in each cell -by Noor Teacher 24

25. -by Noor Teacher 25

26. T ransverse S ection of Leaf -by Noor Teacher 26

27. -by Noor Teacher 27

28. Mechanism of Photosynthesis Light Dependent R eaction (photochemical phase) Steps: 1 . Light falls on chlorophyll (present in grana of chloroplast) Photolysis: Water molecule is split using energy H 2 O  H + + OH - (Discovered by R obert Hill , h ence called Hill’s reaction). 3. H + and OH - are highly reactive and produce H 2 O and O 2 -by Noor Teacher 28

29. H + and OH - produce H 2 O and O 2 Water is used by plants but O 2 is evolved. H + ion is used is forming NADPH from NADP ( Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Phosphate) ADP + iP ( inorganic phosphate ) from ATP. Hence ATP and NADPH are formed at the end of Light Reaction called ASSIMILATORY POWER. -by Noor Teacher 29

30. Light I ndependent Reaction (Biosynthetic phase) I t does not require light. This may occur in presence of light also but does not use light. Hydrogen of NAPDH is used to combine with CO 2 using ATP energy to produce glucose , using intermediate compounds and enzymes. RUBP ( Ribulose 1-5 bis phosphate) accepts CO 2 . Glucose  starch -by Noor Teacher 30

31. They have range of strategies of food intake and use. Some break food materials outside body, then absorb it E x: Cascuta, Lice, Leaches, Tapeworms (Parasites) Some take whole material and break it down inside their bodies. Ex: H uman beings and animals -by Noor Teacher 31 Heterotrophic Nutrition

32. (Since mode of nutrition varies then digestive system is also different in varies organisms) NUTRITION IN AMOEBA AND PARAMECIUM -by Noor Teacher 32

33. Amoeba Food is in taken by entire surface using pseudopodia which fuse over food particle forming food vacuole. Inside vacuole complex substance are broken into simpler once and effuse into the cytoplasm. Remaining Undigested material is thrown out of cell -by Noor Teacher 33

34. PARAMOECIUM: It has define shape and specific spot to intake food Food is moved to the spot using cilia and food is ingested in cytostome . -by Noor Teacher 34

35. Parasitic Nutrition Dodder (cascuta) is leaf less, twining, parasitic plant. Has no chlorophyll and absorb food through haustoria (root like structure, penetrate in the tissue of host plant). The slender, string pink or brown. -by Noor Teacher 35

36. Leaves are reduced to scales. Flowers are nodule like clusters, Yellow or White bell like petals Seed germinate forming anchoring root them stem. Water is taken from host’s xylem and food from phloem. -by Noor Teacher 36

37. Nutrition In Human Beings Has complex digestive system. Alimentary canal is long tube from mouth to anus having different parts or organs for different functions. Steps in digestion : ( Studying the Digestive Enzymes Chart) -by Noor Teacher 37

38. -by Noor Teacher 38

39. How we digest the food _ The digestion Process -by Noor Teacher 39

40. Digestive Enzymes -by Noor Teacher 40

41. Flow Chart of human digestive system -by Noor Teacher 41

42. Health Aspects of the Alimentary Canal It functions remarkably well but sometimes it rebels, and we feel sick or have indigestion. Vomiting is body's method of ridding it self of emanated or harmful substances from stomach. Peristaltic movements of stomach & Oesophagus reserve their normal direction & food is expelled. -by Noor Teacher 42

43. Causes of vomiting Over eating of fatty food. Eating indigestible or poisonous food etc. Green vomit is called “Bilious” or “Liverish” (bitter taste) and is often due to over eating Liver is unable to cope with the excessive fat & we get feel of Nausea . (Vomiting Sensation) -by Noor Teacher 43

44. How To Avoid Digestion Problems 1) Have simple well balanced meals. 2) Eating food in a leisurely manner. 3 ) Thoroughly masticating the food. Avoiding taking violet exercise soon after eating food. 5) Drink plenty of water after eating food. 6) Having regular bowel movements. -by Noor Teacher 44

45. Serious from of Indigestion is caused by stomach & duodenal Ulcers. This occurs in people who are hurried or worried. ULCER : Damage of protective layer of stomach by acidic digestive juices secreted by stomach cells. Helicobacter pylori bacterium lives in stomach HCL and is cause of 70-90% ulcers. -by Noor Teacher 45

46. Diseases Due To Malnutrition Balance Diet : Contain proper amount of Carbohydrate, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Salts and Fats. 70%of world population suffer from food related diseases. Eating food that does not have one or more then one nutrients in required amount is known as Malnutrition -by Noor Teacher 46

47. Reasons of Malnutrition Poor health. Willful starvation. Lack of awareness of nutritional habitats. Socio economic factors. -by Noor Teacher 47

48. -by Noor Teacher 48

49. Kwashiorkor Due to protein deficiency Swollen body parts due to accumulation of water in intercellular spaces of cells. Symptoms: Poor muscle developed, swollen legs, fluffy -face, Diarrhea, difficulty in eating, dry skin. -by Noor Teacher 49

50. Marasmus Marasmus due to deficiency of protein & occurs when there is immediate second pregnancy or repeated child births. Symptoms: Lean and week, less developed muscles, dry- skin, diarrhea etc. -by Noor Teacher 50

51. Obesity Obesity due to over eating & excess of calories intake. It is big hazard. Obesity children have grater risk of diabetes, Cardio vascular, renal, gall bladder problems. Junk food & other food habits leads to obesity. -by Noor Teacher 51

52. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases Vitamins are organic substance & Micro Nutrients. Vitamins are not synthesized in our body. We get Vitamins from : F ood we eat Bacteria present in intestine that synthesizes and supply vitamin to body. -by Noor Teacher 52

53. Vitamins -by Noor Teacher 53

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