Nutrition in living organisms

Nutrition in living organisms

1. NUTRITION IN LIVING ORGANISMS Science project from dhruv

2. CLASIFICATION

3. PLANTS NUTRITION CLASIFICATION HETEROTROPIC- -HIC PLANT

4. PLANTS Green plants obtain most of their energy from  sunlight  via  photosynthesis  by primary  chloroplasts  that are derived from  end symbiosis  with  cyan bacteria . Their chloroplasts contain  chlorophylls  a and b, which gives them their green color. Some plants are  parasitic  or  amyotrophic  and may lose the ability to produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize. Plants are characterized by  sexual reproduction  and  alternation of generations , although  asexual reproduction  is also common.

5. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRTION Autotrophic nutrition  A type of nutrition in which organisms synthesize the organic materials they require from inorganic sources. Chief sources of carbon and nitrogen are  carbon dioxide  and nitrates, respectively. All green plants are autotrophic and use light as a source of energy for the synthesis, i.e. they are  photoautotrophic  (see  photosynthesis ). Some bacteria are also photoautotrophic; others are  chemoautotrophic , using energy derived from chemical processes (see  chemosynthesis ). Compare heterotrophic nutrition.

6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis  is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert  light  energy into  chemical energy  that can later be  released  to fuel the organisms' activities ( energy transformation ). This chemical energy is stored in  carbohydrate molecules , such as  sugars , which are synthesized from  carbon dioxide  and  water  – hence the name  photosynthesis , from the   pHs , "light", & synthesis, "putting together". [1][2][3]  In most cases,  oxygen  is also released as a waste product. Most  plants , most  algae , and  cyan bacteria  perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called  photoautotroph's . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the  oxygen content  of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for  life on Earth . [4] Photosynthesis  is a  process  used by  plants  in which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into molecules needed for growth. These molecules include sugars, enzymes and chlorophyll. Light energy is absorbed by the green chemical chlorophyll.

7. CHLOROPHYLL Chlorophyll , any member of the most important class of pigments involved in  photosynthesis , the process by which  light   energy  is converted to  chemical energy  through the synthesis of organic  compounds . Chlorophyll is found in virtually all photosynthetic organisms, including green plants, prokaryotic  blue-green algae  (cyan bacteria), and eukaryotic  algae . It absorbs energy from light; this energy is then used to convert  carbon dioxide  to carbohydrates. Chlorophyll occurs in several distinct forms: chlorophylls  a  and  b  are the major types found in higher plants and green algae; chlorophylls  c  and  d  are found, often with  a , in different algae; chlorophyll  e  is a rare type found in some golden algae; and bacteria-chlorophyll occurs in certain bacteria. In green plants chlorophyll occurs in membranous dislike units (thylakoids) in organelles called  chloroplasts . The chlorophyll molecule consists of a central  magnesium  atom surrounded by a nitrogen-containing structure called a  porphyry  ring; attached to the ring is a long carbon–hydrogen side chain, known as a  python  chain. Variations are due to minor modifications of certain side groups. Chlorophyll is remarkably similar in structure to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying  pigment  found in the red blood cells of mammals and other vertebrates.

8. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION  Heterotrophic nutrition is nutrition obtained by digesting organic compounds prepared by other plants or animal tissues. All animals and  non -green plants cannot make their own food; hence they depend on others directly or indirectly for their food supply. HETEROT- -ROPHIC NUTRITI- -ON HETEROTROPICH- - IC PLANT INSECTEVOROUS PLANTS SAPROPHYT- -IC PLANT

9. INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS Insectivorous plants  are  plants  that derive some of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or protozoan. ...  Insectivorous plants  include the Venus flytrap, several types of pitcher  plants , butterwort, sundews, bladderworts, the waterwheel plant, brocchinia and many members of the Bromeliaceous.

10. HETEROTROPICHIC PLANT Chlorophyll plants make their own food by photosynthesis, from water and minerals drawn from the soil. They are autotrophic. In contrast, heterotrophic plants are incapable of feeding themselves. They draw all or part of their nutrition from other living beings. There are different types of heterotrophic plants, depending on their relationship with their host. In symbiosis, the heterotrophic plant and its host both benefit from their association. Parasitic plants, on the other hand, use their host’s resources for themselves alone.

11. SAPROPHYTIC PLANT A  saprophytic  or  saprotroph  is an organism which gets its energy from dead and decaying organic matter. This may be decaying pieces of plants or animals. This means that saprophytes are  heterotrophy . They are consumers in the food chain. This is the typical life-style of  fungi . Some fungi are  parasites  on living organisms, but most are saprophytes. Many  bacteria  and  protozoa  are also saprophytes. To put it simply, most dead organic matter is eventually broken down and used by bacteria and fungi. Lastly,  slime moulds  are also saprophytes, as well as consuming bacteria. Other terms, such as 'saprotroph ' or 'saprobe' may be used instead of saprophyte. Strictly speaking, -Phyfe means 'plant'. The problem is that no  embryophytes  (land plants) are true saprotrophs, and bacteria and fungi are no longer considered plants. Nevertheless, saprophyte is such a well-known term that most writers continue to use it.

12. BIOLOGICAL FIXATION OF NITROGEN Nitrogen fixation  is a process by which  nitrogen  in the  Earth's atmosphere  is converted into  ammonia  (NH 3 ) or other molecules available to living organisms. [1] Atmospheric nitrogen or molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) is relatively inert: it does not easily react with other chemicals to form new compounds.  Nitrogen fixation is essential for some forms of life because inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the  biosynthesis  of the basic building blocks of plants, animals and other life forms, e.g.,  nucleotides  for  DNA and RNA , the  coenzyme   nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide  for its role in metabolism (transferring electrons between molecules), and  amino acids  for  proteins . Therefore, as part of the  nitrogen cycle , it is essential for  agriculture  and the manufacture of  fertilizer . It is also, indirectly, relevant to the manufacture of all chemical compounds that contain nitrogen, which includes explosives, most pharmaceuticals, and dyes. Nitrogen fixation is carried out naturally in the  soil  by a wide range of nitrogen fixing  Bacteria  and  Archie , including  Azotobacter . Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have  symbiotic relationships with some  plant  groups, especially  legumes . 

13. Certain plants establish a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, enabling them to produce nodules that facilitate the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. In this connection,  cytokines  have been found to play a role in the development of root fixing nodules. [3]  It appears that not only must the plant have a need for  nitrogen fixing  bacteria, but they must also be able to synthesize cytokines which promote the production of root nodules, required for nitrogen fixation. Symbiotic bacteria are able to live in or on  plant  or  animal   tissue . In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain  fiber . They also help produce  vitamins . Symbiotic bacteria can live near  hydrothermal  vents. They usually have a mutual relationship with other bacteria. Some live in  tube worms .  A  lichen  is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyan bacteria living among the filaments (hyphen) of two fungi in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. The fungi benefit from the carbohydrates produced by the algae or cyan bacteria via photosynthesis. SYMBIOTIC PLANT

14. RULE OF NUTRIENT & EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY IN PLANT NUTRIENT FUNCTION EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY NITROGEN Important component of protein, chlorophyll & cytoplasm . Retarded/stunted growth , yellowing of leaves . PHOSPHORUS Conversion of light energy into chemical energy . Early leaf-fall, late flowering, slow grow POTASSIUM Necessary for metabolic activities . Weak steam, wilting of leaves, failure to produce carbohydrate . MAGNESIUM Production of chlorophyll . Slow/retarded growth , yellowing of leaves . IRON Production of chlorophyll . Yellowing of leaves . MAGANESE Production of main plant hormones Retarded growth , spotted leaves ZINC Production of hormones & their intermediates Retarded growth , yellowing of leaves .

15. ANIMALS What is mean by animals Animals  are  multicellular   eukaryotic  organisms that form the  biological kingdom   Animal . With few exceptions, animals  consume organic material ,  breathe oxygen , are  able to move ,  reproduce sexually , and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the  blastula , during  embryonic development . Over 1.5 million  living  animal  species  have been  described —of which around 1 million are  insects —but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from 8.5 millionths of a meter to 33.6 meters (110 ft) and have  complex interactions  with each other and their environments, forming intricate  food webs . The study of animals is called  zoology . Step of nutrition Ingestion:  The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. Digestion:  the process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken down into small, water soluble molecules is called digestion. Absorption:  The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood stream is called absorption. Assimilation:  The process in which the absorbed food is taken in by the body cells and used for energy, growth and repair is called assimilation. Egestion:  The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is called egestion.

16. ANIMAL CLASIFIICATION DECOMP- -OSERS

17. HERBIVORES A  herbivore  is an  animal  that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants.  Omnivores  can also eat parts of plants, but generally only the fruits and vegetables produced by fruit-bearing plants. Many herbivores have special digestive systems that let them digest all kinds of plants, including grasses. Some  herbivores  are selective and only consume part of the plant, such as the fruit, leaves, nectar, seeds, sap, roots, or bark. Other  herbivores  are less selective and consume multiple plant components. Commonly recognized  herbivores  include deer, rabbits, cows, sheep, goats, elephants, giraffes, horses, and pandas.

18. CARNIVORES A  carnivore  is an  animal  which eats mostly  meat .  [1]   Predators  commonly  hunt  and kill their own prey.  Scavengers  are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only  insects  are called  insectivores . Carnivores which eat mainly or only  fish  are called  piscivores . The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order  Carnivore . However, almost all animals in the Carnivore do eat meat, though a few do not. [2]

19. OMNIVORES An omnivore is a kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants. Some omnivores will hunt and eat their food, like  carnivores , eating  herbivores  and other  omnivores . Some others are  scavengers  and will eat dead matter. Many will eat eggs from other animals. Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants. Unlike  herbivores , omnivores can't digest some of the substances in grains or other plants that do not produce fruit. They can eat fruits and vegetables, though. Some of the insect omnivores in this simulation are  pollinators , which are very important to the life cycle of some kinds  Some common mammalian omnivores  include  raccoons, opossums, skunks, pigs, rats, badgers, and most bear species. There are also several omnivorous birds, including chickens, crows, and robins.

20. SCAVENGER A scavenger is an organism that mostly consumes decaying biomass, such as meat or rotting plant material. Many scavengers are a type of carnivore, which is an organism that eats meat. While most carnivores hunt and kill their prey, scavengers usually consume animals that have either died of natural causes or been killed by another carnivore. Scavengers are a part of the food web, a description of which organisms eat which other organisms in the wild. Organisms in the food web are grouped into tropic, or nutritional, levels. There are three tropic levels. Autotrophy, organisms that produce their own food, are the first tropic level. These include plants and algae. Herbivores, or organisms that consume plants and other autotrophy, are the second tropic level. Scavengers, other carnivores, and omnivores, organisms that consume both plants and animals, are the third tropic level. 

21. NUTRITION IN ANIMAL

22. HOLOZOIC NUTRITION Holozoic nutrition  is a type of  heterotrophic   nutrition  that is characterized by the internalization ( ingestion ) and internal processing of gaseous, liquids or solid food particles. [1]   Protozoa , such as  amoebas , and most of the free living animals, such as animals, exhibit this type of nutrition. In Holozoic nutrition the energy and organic building blocks are obtained by ingesting and then digesting other organisms or pieces of other organisms, including blood and decaying organic matter. This contrasts with  halophytic nutrition , in which energy and organic building blocks are obtained through  photosynthesis  or  chemosynthesis , and with saprozoic nutrition, in which  digestive enzymes  are released externally and the resulting  monomers  (small organic molecules) are absorbed directly from the environment.

23. SAPROZOIC NUTRITION Saprotrophic nutrition or  dystrophic nutrition  is a process of  chemo heterotrophic   extracellular digestion  involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste)  organic matter . It occurs in  saprotrophs  and  heterotrophy , and is most often associated with  fungi  (for example  ants ) and soil  bacteria . Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called  saprobes ; saprotrophic plants or  bacterial flora  are called  saprophytes  , though it is now believed that all plants previously thought to be saprotrophic are in fact  parasites of microscopic fungi  or  other plants . The process is most often facilitated through the  active transport  of such materials through  endocytosis  within the internal mycelium and its constituent  hyphen . [2]

24. PARSITIC NUTRITION Parasitic nutrition  is a mode of  heterotrophic  nutrition where a  parasitic  organism lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (a  host ) and gets nutrition directly from the body of the host. Since these parasites derive nourishment from their host, this symbiotic interaction is often harmful to the host. Parasites depend on their host for survival, since the host provides nutrition and protection. As a result of this dependence, parasites have considerable modifications to optimize parasitic nutrition and therefore their survival. Parasites are divided into two groups:  endoparasites  and  ectoparasites . Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host, whereas ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface of the host and generally attach themselves during feeding. [1]  Due to the different strategies of endoparasites and ectoparasites, they require different adaptations to derive nutrients from their host.