NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY, LACTATION AND NEW BORN

Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
Nutritionists use ideas from molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand how nutrients affect the human body.

1. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND DIET IN PREGNANCY

2. TOPICS OF THE PRESENTATION Nutritional requirements in pregnancy Nutritional requirements in newborn Nutritional requirements in lactation

3. FOOD THAT PREGNANT WOMEN NEEDS High in protein Low in sugar (sugar provides only empty calories) or refined carbohydrates high in fiber Calcium , for healthy growth of the fetus Iron, for the baby's blood supply. It also prevents anemia in the mother. Folic acid, for reducing the risk of birth defects

4. PORTIONS OF DIFFERENT FOOD GROUPS Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta : Eat 6 to 10 servings a day. These foods give you carbohydrates. They turn into energy for your body and for your baby's growth. Whole-grain and fortified products have folic acid and iron . Vegetables : Vegetables are a good source of vitamins A and C, folic acid, iron, and magnesium. Eat 4 to 5 servings a day. Try to get at least 2 of your daily servings from green, leafy vegetables.

5. Cont.. Fruits Eat 3 to 4 servings a day. Fruit gives you vitamins A and C, potassium, and fiber. Choose fresh fruits and juices. They are better for you than frozen or canned fruits. Eat plenty of vitamin C-rich foods, like citrus fruits, melons, and berries. Try to avoid juices that have sugar or sweeteners added.

6. Cont.. Milk, yogurt, and cheese Eat 3 servings a day . Dairy products are a great source of protein, calcium, and phosphorus. If you need to limit calories and cholesterol, choose nonfat dairy products.

7. Cont.. Meat , poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts: Eat 3 servings a day. Foods from this group are good sources of B vitamins, protein, iron, and zinc. Fats and oils You need moderate amounts of fat in your diet for you and your growing baby. Fats provide long-term energy for growth and are needed for brain development.

8. FLUID INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY Fluid intake is also an important part of pregnancy nutrition. Follow these recommendations for fluid intake during pregnancy: You can take in enough fluids by drinking several glasses of water each day, in addition to the fluids in juices and soups. Talk to your health care provider or midwife about restricting your intake of caffeine and artificial sweeteners. Avoid all forms of alcohol.

9. FOODS TO AVOID DURING PREGNANCY Avoid eating the following foods during pregnancy Unpasteurized milk and foods made with unpasteurized milk Raw and undercooked seafood, eggs and meat Refrigerated meat spreads Refrigerated smoked seafood

10. CALORIE REQUIREMENT DURING PREGNANCY ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT calories/day TOTAL AMOUNT OF calories/DAY During 1 st trimester 85 2200 During 2 nd trimester 280 2400 During 3 rd trimester 475 2800

11. WEIGHT GAIN IN PREGNANCY The amount of healthy weight gain in pregnancy varies. These are general guidelines : Normal total weight gain for a healthy woman is 25 to 35 pounds (11 to 16 kilograms). Overweight women should gain only 10 to 20 pounds (4 to 9 kilograms) during pregnancy. Underweight women or women with multiples (twins or more) should gain 35 to 45 pounds (16 to 20 kilograms) in pregnancy.

12. EATING HEALTHY DURING PREGNANCY Eating a balanced, healthy diet can help prevent: Too much weight gain Gestational diabetes The chance of needing a C-section Anemia and infections in the mother Poor healing An early birth of the baby A low birth-weight baby

13. A MYTH ; EATING FOR TWO Eating for two does not mean eating twice as much food. Pregnant women need about 300 extra calories a day. But, where these calories come from matters. If you eat sweets or junk food, the extra calories do not provide the nutrients your baby needs. As a result, your growing baby will get the vitamins and minerals it needs from your own body. Your health could suffer.

14. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN LACTATION

15. The increased nutritional requirements during lactation are due to the milk secreted by mother for feeding the baby. Milk output varies in lactating mother. The WHO expert committee assumed the average output to be 850ml/day

16. THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION DURING LACTATION During the first six months after delivery, the baby is fed only on breast milk, and the baby depends on the mother for all nutrient requirements. Eating a healthy diet while you are breastfeeding is important because what you eat determines the energy, protein, nutrient and vitamin content of your breast milk. Additionally, some minerals and vitamins are required for body processes such as healing wounds quickly (e.g. vitamin C and zinc). Nutritional demands during lactation are high and can have a negative impact on both you and your infant if they are not met. Your daily diet will be adequate provided that your food selection and preparation is appropriate.

17. CALORIES NEEDED An additional 700 kcal for the first six months, and 500 kcal during the next six months, are required for a lactating mother . If the extra demand for energy is not met from dietary sources, then your reserved fat stores will be used instead .

18. NUTRIENTS AND CALORIES NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN 600ML OF HUMAN MILK Calories 420 Proteins (gm) 7.2 Calcium (mg) 205 Iron (mg) 0.75 Vit A ( μ g) 300 Vit C (mg) 15 to 30 Thiamine (mg) 0.09 Riboflavin(mg) 0.37 Nicotinic acid (mg) 1.2 Folic acid ( μ g) 6.0 Vit B12 ( μ g) 0.14

19. REQUIREMENTS OF A LACTATING MOTHER Calorie requirement Proteins requirement Calcium requirement Iron requirement Vit A requirement Water soluble B vitamins requirement

20. NUTRIENTS  NORMAL RECOMMENDED INTAKE    RECOMMENDED INTAKE DURING LACTATION  Energy (kcal)  2,000   2500-2700  Protein (g)  46  71  Vitamin A ( μ g)  700  1,300  Iron (mg)  18  9  Folic acid ( μ g)  400  500  Iodine ( μ g)  150  290  Calcium (mg)  1,000  1,000  Zinc (mg)  8  12  Vitamin B12 ( μ g)  2.4  2.8

21. THINGS TO AVOID DURING BREASTFEEDING Minimize caffeine intake. Be careful with drugs. Alcohol and smoking should be avoided. They can make your baby feel sleepy, nervous and irritable. Resist the temptation of losing weight through diet or medication.

22. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN NEWBORN

23. THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION DURING LACTATION The newborn is about to go through an amazing growth spurt. In their first year, babies triple their birth weight. To grow that much, they need a lot of nutrients more than at any other time in their life. Experts say breast milk is the best source of nutrition for babies during the first 6 months, but formula can be a good alternative.

24. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR A NEWBORN Calcium Helps build strong bones and teeth. Fat Creates energy, helps the brain develop, keeps skin and hair healthy, and protects against infections. Folate Helps cells divide. Iron Builds blood cells, and helps the brain develop. Breast-fed babies should receive iron supplements.

25. Cont.. Protein and carbohydrate They provide energy and fuel growth. Zinc Helps the cells grow and repair themselves Vitamin A Keeps skin, hair, vision, and the immune system healthy. Vitamin B1 Helps the body turn food into energy. Vitamin B2 Helps the body turn food into energy, and protects cells from damage.

26. Cont.. Vitamin B3 Helps the body turn food into energy and use fats and protein. Vitamin B6 Keeps the brain and immune system healthy. Vitamin B12 Keeps nerve and blood cells healthy, and makes DNA -- the genetic material in every cell. Vitamin C Protects against infections, builds bones and muscles, and helps wounds heal.

27. Cont.. Vitamin D Helps the body absorb calcium from food, and keeps bones and teeth healthy. Breast-fed babies may need a D supplement. Vitamin E Protects cells from damage, and strengthens the immune system. Vitamin K Helps the blood to clot.

28. CALORIES NEEDED Typically babies need 100 calories — 150 calories per kilogram of weight.

29. NUTRIENTS AND CALORIES NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN 600ML OF HUMAN MILK Calories 420 Proteins (gm) 7.2 Calcium (mg) 205 Iron (mg) 0.75 Vit A ( μ g) 300 Vit C (mg) 15 to 30 Thiamine (mg) 0.09 Riboflavin(mg) 0.37 Nicotinic acid (mg) 1.2 Folic acid ( μ g) 6.0 Vit B12 ( μ g) 0.14