Nutrition, Metabolism and Body temperature regulation.pptx

Nutrition, Metabolism and Body temperature regulation.pptx

1. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

2. Discussants: LAGRIMAS, RONNEL M. BSEd -Science 3 COLO, ANGELICA NIÑA V. BSEd -Science 3

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this synthesis, student must be able to: Define nutrition, essential nutrient, and kilocalorie. Explain metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. Describe heat production and regulation in the body.

4. Nutrition Metabolism Body Temperature Regulation 01 02 03 Table of contents

5. Nutrition 01 Nutrition is the ingestion and use of food.

6. Nutrients, the chemicals used by the body, consist of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Essential nutrients either cannot be produced by the body or cannot be produced in adequate amounts. The MyPlate icon provides a visual reminder for making choices at mealtime, by selecting healthy foods from five food groups. Half the meal should be fruits and vegetables. Nutrients

7. A kilocalorie is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1°C. A kilocalorie (Calorie) is the unit of measurement used to express the energy content of food. Kilocalories

8. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Most of the carbohydrates we ingest are from plants. Carbohydrates are used as an energy source and for making DNA, RNA, and ATP. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is 45–65% of total kilocalories.

9. Lipids Lipids include triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins. Triglycerides are a major source of energy. Eicosanoids are involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and smooth muscle contraction. Cholesterol and phospholipids are part of the cell membrane. Some steroid hormones regulate the reproductive system. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for lipids is 20–35%.

10. Proteins Proteins are chains of amino acids. Animal proteins tend to be complete proteins, whereas plant proteins tend to be incomplete. Proteins are involved in structural strength, muscle contraction, regulation, buffering, clotting, transport, ion channels, receptors, and the immune system. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein is 10–35% of total kilocalories.

11. Vitamins Most vitamins are not produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet. Some vitamins can be formed from provitamins. Vitamins are important in energy production, nucleic acid synthesis, growth, and blood clotting. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) are a guide for estimating the nutritional needs of groups of people on the basis of their age, their gender, and other factors.

12. Minerals Minerals are essential for normal metabolic functions. They are involved with establishing the resting membrane potential; generating action potentials; adding mechanical strength to bones and teeth; combining with organic molecules; and acting as coenzymes, buffers, or regulators of osmotic pressure.

13. Metabolism 02

14. Metabolism Metabolism consists of catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism , the breakdown of molecules, gives off energy. Anabolism , the synthesis of molecules, requires energy. The energy in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins is used to produce ATP. The energy from ATP can be used for active transport, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of molecules.

15. Regulation of Metabolism 1. A biochemical pathway is a series of chemical reactions, some of which release energy that can be used to synthesize ATP. 2. Each step in a biochemical pathway requires enzymes. 3. Enzyme synthesis is determined by DNA. Enzyme activity is modified by receptor-mediated and end-product processes.

16. Carbohydrate Metabolism 1. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules. Two ATP molecules are also produced.

17. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen to two lactate molecules and two ATP molecules.

18. Carbohydrate Metabolism 3. Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and 38 molecules of ATP. The first phase of aerobic respiration is glycolysis; the second phase is the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA; the third phase is the citric acid cycle; and the fourth phase is the electron transport chain, which uses carrier molecules, such as NADH, to synthesize ATP.

19. Carbohydrate Metabolism Aerobic respiration

20. Lipid Metabolism Lipids are broken down in adipose tissue, and fatty acids are released into the blood. Fatty acids are taken up by cells and broken down into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA can also be converted into ketones by the liver. Ketones released from the liver into the blood are used as energy sources by other cells.

21. Protein Metabolism Amino acids are used to synthesize proteins. Amino acids can be used for energy, yielding ammonia as a by-product. Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted by the kidneys.

22. Body Temperature Regulation 03

23. Body temperature is a balance between heat gain and heat loss. Heat is produced through metabolism. Heat is exchanged through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation Body temperature is maintained around a set point by neural circuits in the hypothalamus. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate of heat exchange. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin and sweating increase heat loss from the body. Constriction of blood vessels in the skin and shivering promote heat gain by the body. Body Temperature Regulation

24. Conclusion Good nutrition is one of the keys to a healthy life. You can improve your health by keeping a balanced diet. You should eat foods that contain vitamins and minerals. This includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and a source of protein.

25. Conclusion These steps may benefit your metabolism: Don’t skip meals. Your metabolism quickly adapts and starts using fewer calories for body functions. If you restrict calories too much, your body starts to break down muscle for energy. A loss of muscle mass slows the metabolism. Fuel your metabolism with fresh fruits and vegetables, lean protein and healthy carbohydrates and fats. Strength train or do other weight-resistance type exercises to build muscles. Quit smoking. Your metabolism may slow down a bit, but you’ll lower your risk of cancer, heart disease and other problems.

26. Conclusion Cover the person with blankets or towels when one person experiencing hypothermia Drink 8 glass of water or more in 1 day to avoid hyperthermia