Nutritional and Medicinal benefits of millets

Health benefits of all millets and nutritional value of millets

1. Welcome

2. Master seminar Submitted by, Mamatha Rani. R 017/293 M.Sc 2 nd year Dept. Of Food Science and technology PGI, MPKV, Rahuri. Submitted to, Dr. P. M. Kotecha Dept. of Food Science and Technology. PGI, MPKV, Rahuri

3. Tongue needs Taste Body needs……….??

4. Nutrition and medicinal benefits of millets

5. Introduction Millets offer nutritional security and need for promoting millets as they are highly nutritious. In general millets are rich source of fibers, minerals and B-complex vitamins. High fiber content and rich in health promoting phytochemicals like polyphenols, lignans, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, phytocyanins. Being non-glutinous, millets are safe for people suffering from gluten allergy and celiac disease. Millets are non-acid forming, easy to digest and non-allergenic. Millet have potential for protection against age-onset degenerative disease such as metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's diseases.

6. History of millets Millets also formed important parts of the prehistoric diet in Indian, Chinese Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies. Broomcorn millet, proso millet foxtail millet were important crops beginning in the Early Neolithic of China. Millet is one of the oldest foods known to humans and possibly the first cereal grain used for domestic use. They have been in food use in India since 2500 BC. A 4,000-year-old well-preserved bowl containing well-preserved noodles made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet found at the Lajia archaeological site in China. Cishan dates for common millet husk phytoliths and bio molecular components have been identified around 8300-6700 BC in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery and stone tools related to millet cultivation . India has been the native home for little millet and kodo millet and were first domesticated in Indian sub-continent. Millets have been important food staples in human history, particularly in Asia and Africa. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.

7. Types of millets Major millet Pearl millet Sorghum Minor millet Finger millet Foxtail millet Barnyard millet Proso millet Kodo millet Little millet Brown top millet

8. NUTRITION COMPOSITION OF MILLETS Parameter Protein (g)   Fat (g) Minerals (g) Total dietary fiber (g) Insoluble dietary fiber (g) Soluble dietary fiber (g) CHO (g) Finger 7.20 1.90 2.00 11.20 9.50 1.70 66.80 Proso 12.50 1.10 1.90 - - - 70.40 Foxtail 12.30 4.30 3.30 - - - 60.90 Little 10.40 3.90 1.30 7.70 5.50 2.30 65.60 Kodo 8.90 2.60 1.70 6.40 4.30 2.10 66.20 Barnyard 6.20 4.40 2.20 - - - 65.50 Brown top millet 11.5 - 4.2 12.5 - - - Pearl 11.00 5.40 1.40 11.50 9.10 2.30 61.80 Sorghum 10.00 1.70 1.40 10.20 8.50 1.70 67.70 Nutrition composition of millet per 100g of edible portion *Source: Indian food consumption table 2017 ,NIN 2007, IIMR.

9. Vitamins and Mineral composition of millet mg per 100g of edible portion Parameter Finger Proso Foxtail Little Kodo Barnyard Pearl Sorghum Vitamins Total carotenoids 154 - 32 120 272 - 293 212 Thiamine 0.37 0.20 0.59 0.26 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.35 Riboflavin 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.05 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.14 Niacin 1.34 2.3 3.2 1.29 1.49 4.2 2.3 2.1 Minerals Calcium 364 14 31 16.06 15.27 20 42 27.6 Phosphorus 283 206 290 220 188 280 296 274 Iron 4.62 0.8 2.8 1.26 2.34 5.0 8.0 3.95 Magnesium 137 153 81 133 147 82 137 1.33 Sodium 11 8.2 4.6 8.1 4.6 - 10.9 5.42 Potassium 408 113 25 129 144 - 307 328 Copper 0.67 1.60 1.40 0.34 0.26 0.60 1.06 0.45 Zinc 2.3 1.4 2.4 3.7 0.7 0.3 3.1 1.96 * Source: IFCT 2017 and NIN 2007.    

10. Essential amino acid (mg/g N) Parameter Finger Proso Foxtail Little Kodo Barnyard Pearl Sorghum Arginine 300 290 220 250 270 - 300 240 Histidine 130 110 130 120 120 - 140 160 Lysine 220 190 140 110 150 - 190 150 Tryptophan 100 050 060 060 50 - 110 70 Phenyl alanine 310 310 420 330 430 - 290 300 Tyrosine 220 - - - - - 200 180 Methionine 210 160 180 180 180 - 150 100 Cystine 140 - 100 090 110 - 110 090 Threonine 240 150 190 190 200 - 240 210 Leucine 690 760 1040 760 650 - 750 880 Isoleucine 400 410 480 370 360 - 260 270 Valine 480 410 430 350 410 - 330 340 *Source: Gopalan et al. (2009 ).

11. Medicinal benefits of millets Role of Millets in preventing disease such as Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Mellitus Gastrointestinal Disorders Cancer Obesity

12. 1. Present status of cardiovascular disease

13. cardiovascular disease Being a rich source of magnesium helps in reducing blood pressure and risk of heart attack especially in atherosclerosis. P otassium present in millets helps in keeping blood pressure low by acting as a vasodilator and help to reduce cardiovascular risk. The high fiber present in millets plays a major role in cholesterol lowering eliminating LDL. L ignans in presence of micro flora in digestive system and protect against certain cancers and heart disease.

14. Heart attack and heart stroke

15. 2. Present status of diabetes mellitus

16. Diabetes mellitus Its a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. It considered as the most common endocrine disorder and results in deficient insulin production (type 1) or combined resistance to insulin action and the insulin-secretory response (type 2). The efficiency of insulin and glucose receptors in the body is increased by the significant levels of magnesium content present in millets and help in preventing diabetes .

17. 3. Present status of gastrointestinal diseases

18. gastrointestinal diseases An immune mediated enteropathic disease called celiac disease, which is usually triggered by the ingestion of gluten in susceptible individuals. Fiber content in millets helps in eliminating disorders like constipation, excess gas, bloating and cramping.

19. Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of stomach and upper portion of small intestine. Peptic ulcers include: 1. Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach 2. Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of small intestine.

20. 4. present status of cancer

21. cancer Millet grains based on literature values are known to be rich in phenolic acids, tannins, and phytate . These nutrients reduce the risk for colon and breast cancer in animals. Recent research has revealed that fiber as one of the best and easiest ways to prevent the onset of breast cancer in women. They can reduce their chances of breast cancer by more than 50% by eating more than 30 gm of fiber every day. Finger millet is playing important role in preventing cancer.

22. It occurs in large intestine which is the final part of digestive tract Most cases of colon cancer begins as small-noncancerous clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps, over t ime some of these polyps can become colon cancers. There are two types of colon cancer 1. H ereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer : Also called lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer before age of 50 2. Familial adenomatous polyposis : It is a rare cancer develop thousands of polyps in the lining of colon and rectum. A. Colon cancer

23. Colon cancer Risk factor Older age A personal history of polyps Inflammatory intestinal condition Inherited syndromes Family history Low fiber fat diet high Sedentary life style Diabetes Smoking and alcohol consumption Obesity

24. B. Breast cancer It forms in the breast cells, but breast cancer today has a high rate of survivorship. Commonly three forms of breast cancer 1. Ductal carcinoma in situ : presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast. 2. Invasive ductal carcinoma : This cancer starts in the milk ducts of the breast and grows into other parts of the surrounding tissue. It is most common breast cancer. Above 80% of invasive breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinoma. 3. Invasive lobular carcinoma : this breast cancer starts in the milk producing glands of the breast. 10% invasive breast cancer.

25. Breast cancer risk factor Increasing age A personal history of breast condition A personal history of breast cancer A family history of breast cancer Inherited genes that increase cancer risk Obesity Beginning menopause at an older age (after 50 age) Having first child at an older age (after 30 age) Having never been pregnant Drinking alcohol Postmenopausal hormone therapy Obesity Low fiber diet

26. Foods may lowers risk of breast and colon cancer Colon cancer Breast cancer Calcium rich foods 1. Fruits and vegetables 2. High fiber foods 2. Fibers rich foods 3. Probiotic (yoghurt) 3. Low fat food 4. Fruits and vegetables 4. β - carotene rich foods 5. Whole grains, millets, wheat, brown rice 5. Omega-9 fatty acids and Essential fatty acids

27. 5. Present status of obesity India is home to second highest number of young people who have excess weight. By 2025, I ndia will have over 17 million obese children are concerned, according to a study. In the world there are nearly 108 million children and more than 600 million adults with BMI exceeding 30, the threshold for obesity. China had 15.3 million children with obesity and I ndia 14.4 million. Among adults, the U.S. topped the list with 79.4 million people with obesity and china came second with 57.3 million people.

28. obesity Obesity- “ killer lifestyle disease” . Caloric imbalance results from an excess intake of calories above their consumption by the body.

29. Effects of obesity

30. Importance and Medicinal Benefits of Finger millet

31. IMPORTANCE OF FINGER MILLET A nnual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia . It remains one of the main ingredients of the staple diet in Karnataka. Nutritionally , finger millet is good source of nutrients especially of calcium, other minerals and fibre. It is now established that phytates, polyphenols and tannins can contribute to antioxidant activity of the millet foods, which is an important factor in health, aging and metabolic diseases.

32. MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF FINGER MILLET Finger millet/ Ragi for losing weight : 1. Ragi contains an amino acid called Tryptophan, which lowers appetite and helps in keeping weight in control. 2. Ragi is digested at a slower rate thus keeps one away from intake of excessive calories. Also, fibers present in ragi give a feeling of fullness thus controls excessive food consumption. 2. Finger millet/ Ragi for bone health: 1. Ragi is rich in Calcium, which helps in strengthening bones. It is an excellent source of natural calcium for growing children and aging people. 2. Ragi consumption helps in development of bones in growing children and in maintenance of bone health in adults. Ragi is prevents diseases such as osteoporosis and could reduce risk of fracture .

33. 3. Finger millet/ Ragi for diabetes : 1. Finger millet’s phytochemicals help in slowing digestion process. This helps in controlling blood sugar level in condition of diabetes. 2. In a study conducted in 2000, and observed that Finger Millet based diet helps diabetic as it contains higher fibre than rice and wheat. In addition, the study found that diet based on whole finger millet has lower glycemic response i.e. lower ability to increase blood sugar level. 4. Finger millet/ Ragi for lowering blood cholesterol : 1.Finger millet contains amino acids Lecithin and Methionine, which help in bringing down cholesterol level by eliminating excess fat from Liver. 2. Finger Millet also contains Threonine amino acid, which hinders fat formation in the liver, which brings cholesterol level of the body down.

34. 5. Finger millet/ Ragi for anaemia : Ragi is a very good source of natural Iron. Ragi consumption helps in condition of Anaemia . 6. Finger millet/ Ragi for relaxation: Ragi consumption helps in relaxing body naturally. It is beneficial in conditions of anxiety, depression and insomnia (sleepless nights). Ragi is also useful for migraines. 7. Finger Millet/ Ragi for Protein/ Amino Acids: Ragi is rich in Amino Acids, which are vital in normal functioning of body and are essential for repairing body tissues. Finger Millet contains Tryptophan, Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine and Methionoine amino acids.

35. Amino Acids Functions Isoleucine. Helps in muscle repair, blood formation contributes to bone formation and improves skin health Valine Essential amino acid, which facilitates metabolism, helps in muscle coordination and repair of body tissues. It helps in balancing nitrogen in the body. Methionine Useful in various body processes, helps in eliminating fat from the body, and is main provider of sulphur in body. Sulphur is essential for production of Glutathione - body’s natural antioxidant. List of Amino acids and its function

36. 8. Finger Millet for other health conditions: 1. If consumed regularly, Ragi could help in keeping malnutrition, degenerative diseases and premature aging at bay. 2. Green Ragi recommended for conditions of blood pressure, liver disorders, and asthma and heart weakness. 3. Green Ragi also recommended to lactating mothers in condition of lack of milk production . 9. Finger millet for Anti-microbial property: Oxidation of microbial membranes and cell components by the free radical’s formed, irreversible complication with nucleophilic amino acids leading to inactivation of enzymes are major biochemical benefits of polyphenols towards the antifungal activity. 10. Antioxidant property: 1. Antioxidant compounds are gaining importance due to their main roles in lipid stabilizers and as suppressors of excessive oxidation, which causes cancer and ageing.

37. 2. Total antioxidant capacity of finger, little, foxtail and proso millets were found to be higher and their total carotenoids content varied from 78–366 mg/100 g in the millet varieties. Total tocopherol content in finger and proso millet varieties were higher (3.6–4.0mg/100 g) than in foxtail and little millet varieties (~1.3 mg/100 g) . The brown or red variety of finger millet, which is commonly available, had higher activity (94%) than the white variety (4%) using the DPPH method. Kodo millet quenched DPPH by nearly 70% higher than other millets (15–53%) ; white millet varieties had lower activity. 11. Inhibition of collagen glycation and cross-linking : 1 . The chemical reaction between the aldehyde group of reducing sugars and the amino group of proteins termed non enzymatic glycosylation is a major factor responsible for the complications of diabetes and aging. 2. Increased oxidative stress and hyperglycemia contribute significantly to the accelerated accumulation of advanced glycation products and the cross-linking of collagen in diabetes mellitus. 3. Free radicals play major role in non- enzymatic glycosylation of collagen and crosslinking whereas antioxidative conditions and free radical scavengers inhibit these reactions.

38. 12. Finger millet for wound healing : 1. The perfect wound healing process is interrupted in diseased conditions like diabetes and age associated biochemical phenomenon due to increased level of reactive oxygen species. 2. Free oxygen radicals damage the cells in the zone of stasis, which lead to necrosis and conversion of superficial wound into a deeper wound. 3. Antioxidants significantly prevent tissue damage and stimulate the wound healing process. 4. It is attributed that the phenolic antioxidants present in FM partially protected the insulin-producing cells from alloxan -mediated cell damage, and hence promoted the healing process.

39. 13. Anti- Lithiatic effect : Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with extracts of grains of finger millet had an inhibitory effect on crystal growth, with improved kidney function & cyto - protective effect. 14. Inhibition of aldose reductase: 1. Diabetes induced cataract, which characterized by an accumulation of sorbitol, which mediated by the action of a key enzyme aldose reductase (AR). 2. The non-enzymatic glycation (binding of glucose to protein molecule) induced during diabetes appear to be the key factor for AR mediated sugar induced cataract. AR enzyme is crucial in cataracto - genesis via a polyol pathway. 15. Ragi for colorectal cancer: P otential chemo-preventive agent for colorectal cancer. Fibers slowly fermented by microflora in the colon promotes normal laxation, constipation, diverticulosis.

40. Cataract disease Diverticulosis

41. Importance and Medicinal Benefits of Foxtail millet

42. IMPORTANCE OF FOXTAIL MILLET Th e foxtail millet is also known as Italian millet. It is one of the world’s oldest cultivated crops . In the northern area of China, it has been widely used as a nourishing gruel or soup for pregnant and nursing women and which is applied to food therapy. It recorded that millet has many nutritious and medical functions. Foxtail yellow seeded cultivars, medicinally used as astringent, digestive, emollient and stomachic. This millet contains 12.3% crude protein and 3.3% minerals. It is second most cultivated millet. The plant is one of the oldest cultivated crops, being in cultivation from about 5,000 BC in India and China, from where cultivation has spread too many areas of the world. It also has a range of local medicinal uses. The plant where mainly grown for home consumption, but also traded internationally on a small scale .

43. MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF FOXTAIL MILLET The aqueous extracts of foxtail millets have excellent anti-hyperglycemic activity. Foxtail millet contains 47mg polyphenolics /100 g so it acts as antioxidant property. In addition, defatted foxtail millet protein hydrolysates also exhibited antioxidant potency. Significant reduction was recorded in serum glucose (23%), serum cholesterol (6%), serum LDL (20%) and glycosylated hemoglobin (16.5%), and a slight decrease in serum triglycerides and VLDL. Serum HDL increased significantly by 23 per cent. Also used in the treatment of dyspepsia; poor digestion and food stagnancy in abdomen. White seeds are refrigerant and used in the treatment of cholera and fever while the green seeds are diuretic and strengthening to virility.

44. Importance and Medicinal Benefits of Barnyard millet

45. IMPORTANCE OF BARNYARD MILLET Japanese millet ( Echinochloa esculenta ) is an introduced, annual, warm-season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wild life habitat in the United States. It is a domesticated species derived from wild millet barnyard grass ( E. crus- galli ). Japanese millet can grow in flooded soils and standing water as long as a portion of the plant remains above the water’s surface. It is better suited for colder climates and wetter soils than other annual summer grasses, however it has limited frost tolerance. Japanese millet is often grown as forage in the United States and food in India It can produce up to 3,500 lb /ac of dried above ground biomass. The straw has greater protein and calcium content than rice, oat.

46. Barnyard millet Type-2 diabetes Prevent heart attack Energy to the body Lowers triglycerides Lower blood glucose Lowers serum cholesterol MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BARNYARD MILLET

47. Importance and Medicinal Benefits of Proso millet

48. IMPORTANCE OF PROSO MILLET Proso millet is one of the few types of millet not cultivated in Africa. In the United States, former Soviet Union and some South American countries, it is primarily grown for livestock feed. As a grain fodder, it is very deficient in lysine and needs complementation. It is third most cultivated millet. Species used a grass as a crop. Both the wild ancestor and location of the original domestication of proso millet are unknown, but it first appears as a crop in both Transcaucasia and China about 7,000 years ago, suggesting it may have been domesticated independently in each area. In order to promote millet cultivation, other potential uses have been considered recently. For example, starch derived from millets has been shown to be a good substrate for fermentation and malting with grains having similar starch contents as wheat grains. It has been suggested that starch derived from Proso millet can be converted to ethanol with an only moderately lower efficiency than starch derived from corn. Protein content in proso millet grains is comparable with that of wheat, but the share of essential amino acids ( leucine , isoleucine and methionine) is substantially higher in proso millet.

49. MECICINAL BENEFITS OF PROSO MILLET Improved plasma levels of adiponectin , high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in genetically obese type -2 diabetic mice under high fat conditions were observed on feeding Proso millet Proso millet contains 29mg polyphenolics /100 g, which act as antioxidant property. Proso millet is rich source of B vitamins, especially vitamin-B6 and folic acid so it helps in preventing anemia. In addition, health-promoting phenolic compounds contained in the grains are readily bio accessible and their high calcium content favor bone strengthening and dental health.

50. Importance and Medicinal Benefits of Kodo millet

51. IMPORTANCE OF KODO MILLET Kodo millet is an annual grain that is grown in primarily in India, but also in the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and in West Africa where it originates. The kodo millet, also known as cow grass, rice grass, ditch millet, Native Paspalum , or Indian Crown Grass originates in tropical Africa and it is estimated to have been domesticated in India 3000 years ago. The domestication process is still ongoing. In southern India, it is called kodo or kodra and it is grown as an annual. It is a minor food crop eaten in many Asian countries, primarily in India where in some regions it is extremely important. It grows wild as a perennial in the west of Africa, where it is eaten as a famine food. Often it grows as a weed in rice fields. In India, kodo millet is ground into flour and used to make pudding. In Africa it is cooked like rice. It is also a good choice for animal fodder for cattle, goats, pigs, sheep and poultry.

52. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF KODO MILLET Kodo millet Strengthening nervous system Beneficial for who are suffering signs of CVD, high blood pressure Antioxidant property Beneficial to postmenopausal women

53. Importance and M edicinal Benefits of Little millets

54. IMPORTANCE OF LITTLE MILLET It is commonly known as kutki , little millet. In India the people have begun to look beyond the basic nutritional benefits of food to prevent diseases and enhance health. Cereals especially small millets provide an opportunity to improve the health of people, reduce health care costs and support economic development in rural, tribal and hilly communities. A study on nutrient composition, fiber fractions and value added products of Little millet ( Panicum miliare L.) was undertaken to popularize millet consumption. Value added Indian products such as noodles, vermicelli, pasta products, pakoda , dosa , papad , biscuits, etc., were developed incorporating 30-100 per cent millet. These products were well accepted (4.00 to 4.42) by judges. The study demonstrated that Little millet is not only a source of nutrients but also rich source of fiber. Hence, there is need to explore the opportunities towards development of diversified foods for household consumption to achieve nutrition security on sustainable basis .

55. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF LITTLE MILLET Little millet Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects Stable the blood sugar level Potent antioxidants Promoting health in diabetes, CVD, GI disease, cataract, cancer

56. Importance and Medicinal value of Brown top millets

57. IMPORTANCE OF BROWN TOP MILLET Locally called as pedda-sama , and korne , limited cultivation, largely confined southern India. It is used both a human food crop and fodder. In USA used as a fodder crop, largely to provide food for game birds. It was introduced from India 1915. Brown top millet is known by local names which translate to “ illegal wife of little millet” because tendency to grow within field of little millet as a mimic weed. Cultivated more in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

58. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BROWN TOP MILLET Brown top millet CVD Duodenal ulcer Hyperglycemia

59. REFERENCE 1. Amir , Gull., Romee , Jan., Gulzar Ahmad., Nayik ., Kamlesh Prasad., Pradyuman Kumar and Sant Longowal . (2014). Significance of Finger Millet in Nutrition, Health and Value added Products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology, 3(3): 1601-1608. 2. Catassi , C. and Fasano , A. (2008). Celiac disease. In: Gallagher E, editor. Gluten-free cereal products and beverages. Burlington, MA:Elsevier , pp:1-27 . 3. Hegde , P. S. and Chandra, T. S. (2005). ESR spectroscopic study reveals higher free radical quenching potential in kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum ) compared to other millets. Food Chemistry, 92: 177-182. 4. Itagi , S. (2003). Development and evaluation of millet based composite food for diabetes [Master Thesis]. Dharwad : University Agricultural Science. 5. Tsao , R. (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients, 2: 123-146. 6. Vithal , D.S. and Machewad , G.M. (2006). Processing of foxtail millet for improved nutrient availability. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 30: 269-279. 7. Yeung , H.C. (1985). Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine.