OAP vegeteble production.pppppppppppppptx

organic agriculture production focusing on vegetable which is organic

1. ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION NC II

2. 4 Principles of Organic Agriculture 1.Principles of Health- sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one indivisible. 2.Principle of Ecology- based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. 3.Principal of Fairness- build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. 4.Principle of Care- managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment

3. Philippine National Standard PNS-2016 Ra 10068 Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 “Promotes, propagate develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, further protect the health farmers, consumers and the general public

4. Organic Certification Importance of Certification • Consumer Protection • An effective Marketing tool • Adds value to the product PENALTY for Mislabelling “ Organikuno ” • Imprisonment - 1 month to 6 months • Fine - P50,000

5. Minimum Requirements for Organic Agriculture Length of crop conversion period • For annual crops: at least twelve (12) months before the start of the production cycle; • For perennials crops: at least eighteen (18) months of management The required conversion period may be reduced for the following conditions: • Land which have been cultivated for the past three (3) years, including land used as pasture and timberland; • Areas practicing traditional agricultural practices, which fulfill the requirements of this standard; this area shall be verified through reliable means and resources. In such case, inspection shall be carried out at least six (6) months before the first harvest; • Farm practicing organic chicken agriculture for at least eighteen (18) months these areas shall be verified through reliable means and resources. On such cases, inspection shall be carried out at least six (6) months before the harvest. • No conversion period is required in the case of non-cultivated land. These areas shall not be exposed to prohibited inputs for a minimum of three (3) years.

6. Prolong conversion/transition period • Lands that have been heavily treated with synthetic chemicals shall undergo conversion for a minimum of three (3) years before the start of the production cycle Conversion of animal and animal products • If animal product are to be sold as organic products, the animal must be reared according to the minimum requirements set in this standard for organic production • 1/3-2/3 policy

7. Choice of crops and varieties • Seed and planting materials shall be of high quality and certified organic, when available. • When certified organic seed and planting materials are not available, non-organic seed and planting materials may be used provided that they have not been treated with pesticides and other inputs not permitted by this standard • Thiram – Natural Plant- based Fungicide • Materials allowed for the treatment of seeds include the substances listed in Annex A. • The use of genetically modified seeds, transgenic plants or planting • Materials is not allowed • Plant varieties should be bred to retain natural reproduction methods.

8. Crops rotations and soil management practices • Organic production system are soil based and should care for the soil and surrounding ecosystems. • Run off diversions or other means must be implemented to prevent contamination of crop production areas. • Application of raw or undecomposed manure is no allowed. Manure should undergo proper decomposition methods.

9. Pest, disease, and weed management • The use of synthetic pesticides (e.g. herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, moluscides , nematiscides , rodentiscides etc ,) is prohibited. • The release of local and acclimatized predatory insects, such as earwig and trichogramma , and usd of microbial pest control agents, such as bacteria(e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis ), virus (e.g. bassiana ) are allowed. • Physical methods for pest, disease and weed management are allowed. Thermic sterilization ( solarisation ) of soils to combat pest, disease and weed is restricted in circumstances where a proper rotation or renewal of soil cannot take place. • Farm tools and equipment should be used exclusively in organic farms. In cases that these are not dedicated for organic production, there must be properly cleaned and free for residues from synthetic pesticides.

10. Pollution control and contamination • Buffer zones should be established to minimize contamination from non- organic farms. These may include, but are not limited to, multi-purpose tree species of sufficient • Products from buffer zones must not be sold as organic.

11. What is the conversion period from conventional to organic farming? A: Annual crops (vegetables, rice and corn) – 12 months B. Perennial crop (banana, fruits, papaya) – 18 months **Note: for Lands heavily treated with synthetic chemicals over several years- 3 years For new land/ virgin land –no conversion period

12. I cannot find sources seed. Can I buy hybrid treated seeds from seed companies? A: No. the use of raw materials is prohibited due to the presence of pathogenic microbes, heavy metals and residues of prohibited substances. The raw manure must be decomposed properly before it can be applied to vegetable crops. My style of pasture for my livestock is nomadic. Is it allowed in organic agriculture? A: Yes. Nomadic or mobile/ roaming culture of livestock is allowed.

13. Is hydroponic without (chemical pesticides) considered organic? A: NO. the organic agriculture is based on soil- based agriculture. The concept is feeding the soil will feed the plant. My neighbour farmers are not practicing organic farming. Can I still be certified ? Yes, as long as buffer zones are in place. Minimum of 1 meter distance from the neighbour farm. With buffer crops e.g. kakawate in the perimeter. Water source must pass through filtration pond (if shared water source).

14. Can I feed my earthworm with commercially grown vegetables from the market and still use their poops as my organic fertilizer. A: Yes. However, it should properly decomposed by microorganism before feeding. The complex digestive of an earthworm allows 100% decomposition of organic matter. Based on lab test, there is no trace chemical in earthworm castings. *Is night soil allowed in an organic agriculture? It is allowed In India, China, Thailand and other countries but not in the Philippines

15. PRODUCE ORGANIC VEGETABLES SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this module, the students/trainees will be able to: LO1. Establish Nursery LO2. Plant Seedlings LO3. Perform Plant Care Activities ( and management) LO4. Perform Harvest and Post-Harvest Activities

16. LO1 ESTABLISH NURSERY PREPARING A VEGETABLE SEEDLINGS NURSERY A nursery is a specially prepared portion of land put aside for raising seedlings. It acts as a temporary home for young plants until they are eventually planted in a permanent garden. Seeds which need extra care should be grown in a nursery. It is also cheaper to grow your own vegetable seedlings than buying from commercial nurseries.

17. Vegetables such as Cabbage, Onion, Tomato and Eggplants are best raised in the nursery bed. Advantages of establishing a nursery include: § Makes planting, watering and maintaining seedlings easier because everything you need is in one place. § Provides seedlings with protection from hot sun, hard rains, strong winds and animal disturbances. § Allows seedlings to grow healthier, because there is enough healthy soil and nutrients available and they get enough water. § Easy to control pests, diseases and weeds.

18. Site selection The nursery should: • Be located near the planting site so that the transplants are taken to the main garden to reduce damages that may occur where distances are long. • Be located near a water source because watering will be necessary. • Be protected from strong winds. • Should not be located on a slope unless it is terraced since this may lead to erosion of fertile top soil but also the plants as well. • Should not to be located in a water-logged area

19. Preparation of the Nursery Dig the nursery area deeply (at least 15cm) and wait for weeds to dry. After the weeds have dried, spread one wheelbarrow of compost/farmyard manure every 3 meters (about 7cm layer) and dig it into the soil. The nursery bed should be about 1m wide, this makes tending the seedlings easy as it is possible to reach all parts easily. The length of the beds will vary depending on amount of seed to be planted (but 3-10m is common). Leave a space of 30 - 40 cm between two beds. This walking area is important and help in weeding, nursery care against diseases and insect pest and also for draining out the excess rain water from the nursery beds. Raise the beds 15-20 cm high from the ground (particularly in high rainfall areas) to prevent water logging. Remove all the clots, stones and weeds from the bed and level it. Water the bed

20. LO2 PLANT SEEDLINGS Use good quality certified seeds. Plant the seeds in rows (some seeds such Spinach should be soaked in cold water for 24 hours before sowing). Make the lines at a spacing of 15 cm apart (use a string to make straight lines). Make shallow furrows not more than 2 cm deep along the marked lines. Spread the seeds thinly along the rows and cover with a thin layer of soil. Mulch the bed with dry grass, then water. The mulch will help to maintain soil moisture and temperature for better seed germination, suppress weeds, protect bed from direct sunlight and raindrops, and protect seed against bird damage. To prevent seeds and seedlings losses in nursery bed, drench nursery with a mixture of a fungicide (such as TRINITY GOLD, PEARL EXTRA) and an insecticide (such as LOYALTY, ACCENT) immediately after sowing

21. Germination The seeds will start germinating after 5 – 7 days Remove the grass and then put a shade over the nursery bed The bed shade should be 1m high, with grass on top but let some sun light go through LO3. PERFORM PLANT CARE AND MANAGEMENT Watering Water the bed whenever it is necessary. Do not over-water the bed. This can create environment for diseases and the leaching (washing away) of nutrients from the soil. Under watering will slow growth and wilting of seedlings.

22. Thinning This is the process of removing weak, unhealthy, diseased, insect pests damaged and dense plants from the nursery beds. It aims to have seedlings spaced about 0.5 - 1.0 cm from plant to plant. Thinning facilitates light and air to reach all seedlings. It also makes it easy to monitor for diseased and insect pest attacked seedlings. Thinned weak but otherwise healthy seedlings can be planted in another bed. Diseases caused by fungus Seed decay before germination Seedling rot Stem rot at the base Weed control Timely weeding in nursery is very important to get healthy seedling. If there are some weeds in the seed bed, remove them manually by hand.

23. Mulching To reduce maintenance of your landscaping, add mulch above the ground level to every tree, shrub or evergreen in their yard. A tree is not really planted until its mulched. When a tree or shrub is planted, it should be covered with dirt to the original depth that it was in the nursery. Then, three to four inches of mulch should be added over this. Mulch will do many things. It will hold soil moisture so that watering can be reduced.

24. Hardening Seedlings before Transplanting Hardening is the process in which seedlings are given some artificial shocks 7-10 days before up-rooting and transplanting them. This makes them better withstand the more harsh conditions of the field. Hardening is done gradually over several days and involves: Exposure to the full sunlight by removal of the shading. Reducing watering gradually. Trans-planting Seedlings will be ready for trans-planting 21 –30 days after sowing. To reduce stress to seedlings, transplant early in the morning or late in the evening. Just before transplanting (2 hours before transplanting) water the nursery fully so that you will be able to remove each seedlings easily. Take out the seedlings with a ball of soil.

25. LO4 :PERFORM HARVEST AND POST HARVEST ACTIVITIES Post harvest can be defined as methods and techniques applied to increase the shelf life of the products. It includes harvesting, handling , storage, processing, packaging ,transportation and marketing. Main elements of the post-harvest system Harvesting. The time of harvesting is determined by the degree of maturity. With cereals and pulses, a distinction should be made between maturity of stalks (straw), ears or seedpods and seeds, for all that affects successive operations, particularly storage and preservation. Pre-harves t drying, mainly for cereals and pulses. Extended pre-harvest field drying ensures good preservation but also heightens the risk of loss due to attack (birds, rodents, insects) and moulds encouraged by weather conditions, not to mention theft. On the other hand, harvesting before maturity entails the risk of loss through moulds and the decay of some of the seeds. Transport. Much care is needed in transporting a really mature harvest, in order to prevent detached grain from falling on the road before reaching the storage or threshing place. Collection and initial transport of the harvest thus depend on the place and conditions where it is to be stored, especially with a view to threshing.

26. Post-harvest drying . The length of time needed for full drying of ears and grains depends considerably on weather and atmospheric conditions. In structures for lengthy drying such as cribs, or even unroofed threshing floors or terraces, the harvest is exposed to wandering livestock and the depredations of birds, rodents or small ruminants. Apart from the actual wastage, the droppings left by these marauders often result in higher losses than what they actually eat. On the other hand, if grain is not dry enough, it is vulnerable to mould and can rot during storage. Moreover, if grain is too dry it becomes brittle and can crack after threshing, during hulling or milling. This applies especially to rice if milling takes place a long time (two to three months) after the grain has matured, when it can cause heavy losses. During winnowing, broken grain can be removed with the husks and is also more susceptible to certain insects (e.g. flour beetles and weevils). Lastly, if grain is too dry, this means a loss of weight and hence a loss of money at the time of sale. Threshing . If a harvest is threshed before it is dry enough, this operation will most probably be incomplete. Furthermore, if grain is threshed when it is too damp and then immediately heaped up or stored (in a granary or bags), it will be much more susceptible to attack from micro-organisms, thus limiting its preservation

27. Storage. Facilities, hygiene and monitoring must all be adequate for effective, long-term storage. In closed structures (granaries, warehouses, hermetic bins), control of cleanliness, temperature and humidity is particularly important. Damage caused by pests (insects, rodents) and moulds can lead to deterioration of facilities (e.g. mites in wooden posts) and result in losses in quality and food value as well as quantity. Processing. Excessive hulling or threshing can also result in grain losses, particularly in the case of rice (hulling) which can suffer cracks and lesions. The grain is then not only worth less, but also becomes vulnerable to insects such as the rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica ). Marketing . Marketing is the final and decisive element in the post-harvest system, although it can occur at various points in the agro-food chain, particularly at some stage in processing. Moreover, it cannot be separated from transport, which is an essential link in the system

28. PRODUCE ORGANIC FERTILIZER Organic fertilizers rejuvenate and improve soil properties for better crop production. They contain beneficial microorganisms and humus which, when applied, will improve the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Producing organic fertilizers at the farm will ensure the addition of humus to the soil for more efficient crop production. Thus, farmers need to know about the proper production of organic fertilizers.

29. Organic Fertilizer is any product—in solid or liquid form—of plant (except byproducts from petroleum industries) or animal origin that has undergone substantial decomposition. It can supply available nutrients to plants with a total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) of 5-7%. This may be enriched by microbial inoculants and naturally occurring minerals but no chemical or inorganic fertilizer material has been added to the finished product to affect the nutrient content, according to the Philippine National Standards (PNS) for Organic Fertilizer, 2013.

30. Compost/Soil Conditioner is any product, in solid or liquid form, of plant (except byproducts from petroleum industries) or animal origin that has undergone substantial decomposition that can supply available nutrients to plants with a total N, P, and K of 2.5% to less than 5%. This may be enriched by microbial inoculants and naturally occurring minerals, but no chemical or inorganic fertilizer material has been added to the finished product to affect the nutrient content. Compost and soil conditioner are used interchangeably in the PNS.

31. Biofertilizers are fertilizer material that contain beneficial microorganisms and humus. They improve the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties which are essential to crop production The following are important elements for rapid and efficient composting: 1. Moisture – Microorganisms require a particular moisture level to thrive. The ideal moisture level for microorganisms is between 40 and 60%. At this moisture level, compost materials feel wet but no water can be squeezed out. Keep the compost pile moist but not soggy. If the raw materials are too wet, the pile becomes compact and airflow through the pile is restricted. Wet raw materials make the pile anaerobic; thus, the decomposition process slows and foul odor is generated. If too much water has been added, turn over the pile frequently to dry it. Fibrous materials such as sawdust can also be added. 2. Aeration – Microorganisms need oxygen during the decomposition to break down organic materials more efficiently. Therefore, it is important that the compost pile is properly a

32. . Temperature – The temperature of the pile should be maintained between 40O and 60O C for 3 weeks. The heat in the pile is generated by microorganisms digesting the materials during the decomposition process. Adjust the carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio, moisture, and oxygen until the bacteria have the ideal living conditions to maintain the heat needed. When temperatures become higher than 60O C, turn over the pile to release excess heat so that beneficial microorganisms will not die. 4. Particle size of compost materials – Reduce the size of raw materials to 1-2 inches to speed up the decomposition process. This ensures that a greater surface area is available for microbial activities.

33. What are the benefits of using organic fertilizer? Organic fertilizer offers many benefits to the environment. It improves soil tilth and structure; increases soil’s ability to hold water and nutrients; supports living soil organisms; helps dissolve mineral forms of nutrients; buffers soil from chemical imbalances; provides biological control of certain soil pests; and helps return organic materials to the soil.

34. What are the facilities and equipment requirements in producing organic fertilizer? – Composting shed using locally available materials – Shredder – Drums for water storage – Flat and pointed shovels – Hoe – Wheelbarrow – Sieve – Water hose

35. What is the best location for an organic fertilizer production facility? Build the composting shed and set up the composting pile in places that are not flooded and far from potable water sources. This is to prevent water contamination caused by leachate produced during the decomposition of organic materials. What are the raw materials needed in the production of organic fertilizer? The basic rule in composting is that anything that was once a plant can be composted

36. Consider the following in selecting raw materials for composting: Greens” as nitrogen sources – These are good sources of nitrogen with a low C:N ratio; generally have high moisture content; and decompose quickly. A C:N ratio of less than 30:1 considered low. Examples of greens are green leaves and fresh plant residues. • “Browns” as carbon sources – These are materials high in carbon in relation to nitrogen and generally have a high C:N ratio; are dry, and brownish; and decompose slowly. A C:N ratio of more than 30:1 is considered high. Examples of browns include rice straw, chipped branches, manure, and sawdust. • In composting, a C:N ratio between 20 and 30 is ideal. Green, fresh materials have a higher nitrogen content than dry materials. Fresh grasses have a C:N ratio of 19:1. Leaves have a C:N ratio ranging from 35:1 to 85:1; peat moss – 58:1; corn stalks – 6-:1; straw – 80-:1; farm manure – 90:1; and sawdust – 130:1 – 490:1.

37. What are the steps in producing organic fertilizer 1. Collect raw materials a. Dried chicken manure. It is preferred as a component in organic fertilizer production over fresh chicken manure because fresh chicken manure contains contaminants and harmful microorganisms, and emits a foul odor. B.Sawdust or coco sawdust. This is a waste material generated by the lumber industry. However, only sawdust from lumber that is not chemically treated is recommended. Sawdust is an excellent source of recalcitrant carbon in organic fertilizer and is readily available. Recalcitrant carbon has been found to be stable in soil; thus, it aids in maintaining good soil structure.

38. C. Wild sunflower. It is known to be rich in nitrogen. Adding it to the pile increases the nitrogen content of organic fertilizer. It is found everywhere in the area and is available almost all year-round. It is useful because it also adds to the organic matter content of the organic fertilizer. D. Trichoderma . This is a fungus found to be an efficient decomposer because it enhances the composting process. It is isolated from soil, decaying organic wood, and other forms of plant organic material [Barak and Chet (1986); Chet (1987); Harman and Bjorkman (1987); and Howell (2003)]. They are free-living and are highly interactive in roots, soil, and foliar environments. For many years, they have been known for producing a wide range of antibiotic substances. They parasitize other fungi (Harman et al., 2004). They have been acclaimed to be effective, eco-friendly, and cheap, nullifying the undesirable effects of agricultural chemicals ( Chaudari et al., 2011), particularly organochlorines , organophosphates, and carbamates (Singh, 2010).

39. 2. Shed the raw materials. Shredding is done to physically reduce the size of raw materials for faster decomposition. Materials should be shredded to 1-inch diameters or smaller to enhance the process of decomposition, specifically of tough and fibrous plant tissues. Wild sunflower stems can be shredded up to 2-3 cm to provide a greater surface area for decomposition.

40. 3. Pile the shredded raw materials. Do this layer by layer. Prepare a maximum of six layers of materials. Each layer is about 1 foot thick. The ratio of raw materials is 50% chicken manure, 25% sawdust or coco sawdust, and 25% wild sunflower. (Rough estimates: a layer of materials consists of two parts manure, one part sawdust or coco sawdust, and one part wild sunflower, which are spread on top of each other.) Trichoderma is usually spread as a thin layer. tack the layers until the pile reaches 1.5 meters (m) high. Apply water to each layer until it is sufficiently moist. There is no need to put ash/lime or bamboo breathers. Monitor the temperature of the pile with a thermometer (0O-200OC, with a long probe). Maintain the temperature between 40O and 60OC for 3 weeks. (a) chicken manure, (b) sawdust or coco sawdust, (c) wild sunflower, and (d) This can be done by regularly mixing the p

41. 4.Water the pile. Water each layer of raw materials after piling. Thereafter, water the pile regularly, at least 2-3 times a week. The materials must be moist. But keep it from becoming soggy or compacted. Moisture content is best between 40% and 60%. Avoid adding too much water to the pile to prevent anaerobic decomposition. Foul odors result from anaerobic activity and indicate lack of oxygen. If the pile becomes too wet, increase turning frequency and/or add fibrous materials to the pile in order to reduce the moisture content and increase oxygen.

42. 5. Mix the compost pile. Turn the compost pile from top to bottom after 2 weeks from piling. Repeat this every week thereafter until the pile has fully decomposed. Mix the pile to help break down tough and fibrous plant materials efficiently. By doing this, moisture and organisms that help break down the raw materials are distributed evenly in the composting materials. If a fungus activator such as Trichoderma is applied, the pile takes 1-2 months to decompose. The decomposition process without a fungus activator takes 2-3 months.

43. 6. Cover with polyethylene plastic. Cover the pile with black polyethylene plastic sheets to control the temperature and maintain the required heat. 7. Add carbonized rice hulls. Add about 2 kg carbonized rice hull to 48 kg organic fertilizer to prevent the occurrence and proliferation of harmful fungi in the organic fertilizer. 8. Air-dry the organic fertilizer. The standard moisture content of organic fertilizer for the market is 30%. Thus, air-drying is necessary to attain this desired moisture.

44. 9. Sieve/refine the organic fertilizer. When lumps have formed during composting, pulverize them through the same shredder used in cutting raw materials. Use a 2-millimeter (mm) mesh sieve to produce uniformly sized and finer organic fertilizer. 10. Bag the organic fertilizer. Pack the sieved/refined organic fertilizer in 1 kg, 35 kg, and 50 kg plastic bags or sacks.

45. How is organic fertilizer applied to vegetable crops? Organic fertilizer can be applied per crop as follows: First application: before planting • 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) organic fertilizer • 20 ml fermented liquid organic fertilizer/liter of water Second application: 10 days after planting • 2.5 t/ha organic fertilizer • 20-60 ml fermented liquid organic fertilizer/liter of water

46. Third application: 30 days after planting • 2.5-5 t/ha organic fertilizer • 20-60 ml fermented liquid organic fertilizer/liter of water Basally apply a uniform amount of organic fertilizer either in furrows or in hills before planting. Thoroughly mix the fertilizer with the soil. After 10 days, apply another amount of organic fertilizer per furrow/hill near or around the base of the crop, then cover with soil. As organic fertilizer is a slow-release fertilizer, a second application at this stage is necessary to continuously provide the essential nutrients needed by the crop.

47. Thirty days after planting, apply organic fertilizer during hilling up. Spread equal amounts of the remaining organic fertilizer requirements near or around the plants then cover with soil. What are the nutrients that organic fertilizer can provide to plants? Organic fertilizer provides complete nutrients to plants. It contains the entire macro- and micro-nutrients essential to plant growth and development. It also contains high amounts of organic matter necessary for improving the soil structure and provides the carbon for soil microorganisms.

48. How much time is needed for the production of organic fertilizer? One cycle of organic fertilizer production takes 30-45 days. In one year, eight production cycles are possible. At the end of the eighth cycle, a net income of P37,600–P57,600 can be realized. In other areas, good quality organic fertilizer can be sold from P300 to P400/bag.

49. PRODUCE VARIOUS CONCOCTIONS AND EXTRACTS SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES : Upon completion of this module, the students/trainees will be able to: LO1. Prepare for the production of various concoctions and extracts LO2. Process concoctions and extracts LO3. Package concoctions and extracts

50. 1. IMO – Indigenous Micro-organisms. These are micro-organisms that are found in our environment which are beneficial to our farmers. These micro-organisms have their role to play in farming. 2. FPJ – (Fermented Plant Juice). These are juices produces from selected plant parts. Fermented plant juice (FPJ) or Bless Green Soup or Tenkei Ryokujyu is made by fermenting plant parts in brown sugar. Sprouts and baby fruits with high hormone concentration, full grown fruits, flower abundant in honey, and any plant with strong vigor are good ingredients. It is an ingredient in bokashi production and can also be used by applying directly to soil and plants. 2. FPJ is produced by the fermentation of plant leaves, grasses, thinned crop plants, auxillary buds and/or young fruits and flowers (Jensen et al, 2006). It contains plant growth hormones and micronutrients that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms. The common materials being used in the Philippines are kangkong ( Ipomoea aquatica ), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) and kakawate leaves ( Gliricidia sepium ).

51. 3. . FFJ- (Fermented Fruit Juice). It is used as a foliar spray to enhance fruit quality, as a feed supplement for animals, and as a food supplement for humans. In general, FFJ is generally used more during the flowering and fruiting stage. 4. . FAA – (Fish Amino Acid). Utilizes the fish trash like gills small fishes and even whole body parts of fish. Fish amino acids are a good source of nitrogen for crop plants and may be used to supplement compost and manures in coastal regions which have a good supply of inexpensive fish by products. Some local government units (LGUs) such as Bayawan City in Negros Oriental is collecting fish trashes from the market for free and process this into FAA.

52. 5. . LABS – (Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum). It converts waste into organic matter and basic minerals. LABS thrive and feed on the ammonia released in the decomposition normally associated with the foul odor. 6. . OHN – (Oriental Herbal Nutrients). Natural Pest repellant. It is use throughout the early, vegetative and change over and fruiting stages. 7. . CaPO4 – (Calcium Phosphate) induce flowering, prevent overgrowth, increase calcium factor in roots and leaves.

53. USES/BENEFITS OF VARIOUS CONCOCTIONS 1. Indigenous Micro-organism (IMO) a) As soil conditioner b) Aid in nutrient digestions c) Composting. d) Can induce flowering among plants e) Induce longer shelf life of fruits f) Give added resistance to plants against pests and harmful insects

54. 2. Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) a) Growth promotants ( Bionutrients ) b) Nitrogen provider c) Phyllosphere nutrients processor d) Human nutrition BENEFITS OF FPJ: a) Helps maintain vigor in plants and resistance against pests. b) Can be used for livestock bedding sprays (pig pens and poultry houses) to produce more colony of microorganisms. c) Can also promote resistance against illnesses for human.

55. BENEFITS 1. A good source of nitrogen 2. Serves as “growth hormone” for plant growth and development 3. Used as foliar spray 4. Food of microorganisms 4. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (CAPO4) a) Cell structure (Bone) strengthening b) Phosphorus provider 5. FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE (FFJ) a) For ornamental and fruit flowering b) For fruit sweetening c) Potassium provider d) For human nutrition BENEFITS: 1. A good source of potassium which can speed up plants Absorption and results to sweeter tasting fruits. 2. Helps maintain vigour in plants and resistance against pests. 3. Adds to soil fertility and the advent of good colonies of microorganisms.

56. 6. ORIENTAL HERBAL NUTRITION (OHN) a. Plant Vitality enhancer b. Downy and Powdery mildew control 8.LACTIC BACTERIA SERUM (LABS) BENEFITS a) Serve as insecticide and fungicide at the same time. b) Provide more vigour and vitality to the plant. c) Use to treat skin diseases of hogs and other animals USE: a) Use as energy drink for humans.