Occupational health hazards

Occupational health hazards , disease and prevention, level of prevention

1. PRESENTATION ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS,DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION SNEHA DERIA B.SC ,PART-4 GCON ID AND BG HOSPITAL

2. Introduction

3. Occupational Disease are disease caused by work or work environment. Occupational disease occur among workers exposed to specific hazards. Exposure to physical, Chemical, biological or psychosocial factors in the workplace. Occupational disease are adverse health conditions in the human being, the occurrence on severity of which is related to exposure to factors on the job in the work environment. So this disease must be handled with importance.

4. Definition of occupational health

5. According to the ILO/ WHO, “ Occupational health is the promotion and maintenance of the heigh degree of physical, mental, and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations by preventing departure from health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs. Occupational health is a specialist branch of medicine that focuses on physical and mental well being of employees in the work place

6. Components of occupational environment

7. Occupational environment is meant the sum of external conditions and influence which prevail at the place of work and which have bearing on health on the health of the working population. Basically there are three types of interaction or components in a working environment. Man and physical, chemical and biological agents Man and machine Man and man

8. For man and physical, chemical and biological agent- PHYSICAL AGENT - The physical factor in working environment which may adverse to health are ~ heat, cold, humidity, air movement, heat, radiation, light, noise, vibration, Ionizing radiation, the amount of working and breathing space, toilet, washing and bathing facilities etc. CHEMICAL AGENT ~ These comprise a large number of chemical, toxic agent and gases. BIOLOGICAL AGENT ~ The workers may be exposed to viral, rickettsial, bacterial, parasitic agents, which are hazardous .

9. For Man and Machine An industry or factory implies the use of machine driven by power with emphasis or mass production. The unguarded machines, producing and moving parts, poor installation, lack of safety measures. Working long hours in unphysiological postures.

10. For Man and Man These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. Eg. – Psychosocial factors include rhythm and type of work, work stability, service conditions, job satisfaction, leadership style, security, work participation, communication, system of payment, welfare condition, degree of responsibility, trade union activities etc.

11. Different occupational hazards

12. PHYSICAL HAZARDS CHEMICAL HAZARDS BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS MECHANICAL HAZARDS PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS Psychosocial and behavioural changes Psychosomatic Ill health.

13. Physical Hazards Heat - Direct, Indirect effect of temperature , Radiant heat , heat stagnation Cold – General and cold injury Light – Acute and chronic effect of bright a d dim light and glare Radiation – a. IONIZING – x ray, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles. b. NON- IONIZING – Micro waves, infra – red and ultra – violet light 5. Noise – auditory and non auditory effect 6. Vibration – hazardous in the frequency range of 10-500 Hz

14. Chemical Hazards Acids, Bases, Heavy metals ,Particular fumes, Highly reactive metals

15. Biological Hazards Bacteria, virus, fungi moulds ,insects –mosquito ,hazardous plants –poison Ivy, birds animals ,bloodborne pathogens .

16. Mechanical Hazards It Refers to mechanical agents as unprotected machines , their moving parts, lack of safety measures etc

17. Psychosocial Hazards Work related stress ,violence, bullying ,sexual harassment ,exposure to unhealthy elements etc

18. Occupational disease

19. Diseases due to Physical agents Heat - Heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion ,heat syncope ,heat cramps , burns and local effects Cold – Trench foot, First bite Light – occupational cataract Noise - Occupational deafness Mechanical – injuries, accident Electricity – burns

20. Diseases due to chemical agents Gases – CO2, CO, HCN, NH3, N2, H2S, HCL etc Dusts ( pneumoconiosis) – cold dust – Anthracosis, Silica- Silicosis, Asbestos – Asbestosis, cancer of lung, Iron – Siderosis Organic - Siderosis

21. Diseases due to biological agents Anthrax, Tetanus, Encephalitis, Fungal Infection etc.

22. Occupational cancers

23. Diseases of psychological origin Hypertension, peptic ulcer etc .

24. Diseases and it’s prevention and control

25. Due to physical agents Heat Exhaustion It is a condition due to heat exposure, including symptoms like heavy sweating, repeat pulse etc Heat cramps Painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur due to heavy exercise in hot environments. Heat stroke When body becomes unable to control its temperature, bodies temperature rises, sweating mechanism fails. Frost bite Damage to skin or underline tissues due to extreme cold.

26. Prevention Avoid staying in heat for long period.. Wear cool, loose fitting, light weight clothing. Use air conditioning, take rest between works avoid strainous activity during hot or humid weather. Drink plenty of fluids. Avoid smoking, drinking before venturing out into extremely cold .

27. Due to chemical agents POISONING - Poison is anything that kills Or injures through its chemical actions. Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in or otherwise being exposed to harmful substances. Types – lead poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, ammonia etc Prevention - Eat balanced diet that provides enough calcium, iron, protein and Zinc . read instructions before use of fungi sides Test the Water resources. If a person inhale something chemical immediately by move to fresh air and refer to hospital as soon as possible.

28. Occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis is a restrictive lung disease caused by certain dust particles (less than 5 micron) that are most often found in work environment . Types – Coal worker pneumoconiosis – Coal dust Asbestosis – asbestos dust Byssinosis – Silica dust Anthracosis – carbon dust Bauxite fibrosis – Bauxite dust

29. Prevention Adequately suppressing cold ask at a work side good ventilation system face pieces that filter and purify Air pulmonary rehabilitation Industries using substances that can cause asthma must have dust and Vapor control measure

30. Due to biological agents Diseases Causative agent Brucellosis Genus Brucella Leptospirosis Spirochete Anthrax Bacillus anthracosis Tetanus Infection of nervous system by clostridium tetani Actinomycosis Chronic Infection caused by Actinomyses, anaerobic bacteria Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci

31. Prevention People who handle made should wear protective glasses and clothes vaccination of cattles should be done active immunization of neonates and adults should be done if diseases occurred immediate antibiotic should be started for contagious disease contact with disease one should be avoided

32. Psychological Hazard Prevention

33. Protection at work site

34. 1. Administrative measures In this all measures taken by management or administration E.g. - proper wages for workers, effective implementations of labour welfare programs, proper surveillance, proper supervision ,sufficient member of safety personnel, proper occupational health services

35. 2. Engineering measures Proper lighting arrangement , air circulation heat, humidity control providing safety alarm proper waste disposal etc

36. 3. Medical measure Medical check-ups before giving appointment periodic check up of labours providing health services, health survey counselling and health education

37. 4. Personal protective measures Use of masks, gloves ,safety belts, glasses and helmets use of respirator use of barriers skin creams wearing radiation suits etc

38. 5. Legal measures Management get guidance for protective measures and the workers rights against exploitation. According to Indian factory act (1976) and employees State Insurance Scheme ( 1975 ) the workers receive a lot of legal protection.

39. Nurses Role in prevention

40. The nurse appointed for occupational health nursing has to play the roles of nurse practitioner, health educator health administrator or manager Counsellor etc.

41. Primary prevention The aim of primary prevention is to see that the problem does not arise at all . the functions are Assessment of personal health Identify probable health hazards related to work use of safety measures Health Insurance Scheme for benefit of workers motivate the workers to have small families providing health education giving different health information to the management implementation of immunization programs keeping the information about probable health hazards adopting measures to prevent them are some of other functions

42. Secondary prevention This is done to detect the problem as early as possible. The rules are survey, observation, periodic Medical Diagnostic test under these, With cooperation with team and workers , problems should be identified and appropriate technique should be adopted to solve it. The Occupational Health nurse should inform the management about the problem, and she should keep health records of each employees including health history ,health status , immunization ,occupational hazard, allergy treatment ,health examination etc Tertiary prevention It is the care enrichment of the present problem.

43. In short the roles are Identifying occupational dangers at workplace health survey and preparing program for health improvement. Health assessment and examination. In times of emergency or accident providing health facilities and first aid . providing health education and counselling to workers. Finding out community resources for health needs of workers and company. Developing workers assistance program. Organising training program and first aid health education. Informing the management or administration about health hazards and diseases. Participating in the health management or Administration and help in preparation of health policy statement .

44. Contd.. Participating in referral services of workers. Teaching security committee about emergency Health Management. Keeping an up to date health record of workers. Working as a member of occupational health team. Cooperation and maintaining of healthy environment in industries. Evolution of occupational health programs.

45. Conclusion

46. Occupational health is the health science which is related to human workplace and environment. The chief objective of these, is to give safety of workers from all occupational injuries and diseases. Occupational health nursing is a special branch of nursing by which nurses are engaged to take care of employees and disorder are treated. Occupational health disorders are one of the most important disorders affecting health of common people, specially workers and create demolish in health ,economical and social status of country. So measures should be taken to prevent those diseases effectively by anticipation and early recognition, three level of prevention and awareness is very much required with everyone’s participation .

47. Bibliography

48. Park K. Park’s textbook of Preventive and social medicine . 23rd edition. 1167, Prem Nagar, Jabalpur-482001; m/s Bansari Das Bhanot Publishers ; 2013 -748-63 Ansari Javed. Medical Surgical Nursing .11 th edition. PV Books;2020.Part-B.1177-1828 Swarnkar Keshav. Community Health Nursing. 4 th edition. M.Y. Hospital Road, Indore ; N.R.Brothers ; 2019.859-65