Octane number

A basic presentation about Octane number and its importance in our life .

1. OCTANE NUMBER By Muhammad Gamal FACULTY OF PETROLEUM AND MINING ENGINEERING | SUEZ UNIVERSITY REFINARY DEPARTMENT

2. OCTANE NUMBER BY GROUB 12

3. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. OCTANE RATING METHOD. IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER. THE LATEST UPDATES.

4. SPEAKERS Mohamed Ismail. Ahmed Samir. Ahmed Selmy. Mohamed Gamal.

5. INTRODUCTION

6. INTRODUCTION Octane Number It’s a standard measure of the performance of an engine. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating (igniting). This number can be counted by representing with a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane)which has high resistance from early ignition and n-heptane which have fast detonation. For example 90 octane means that the fuel has the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% n-heptane. The fist scientist who made that definition and put the standards was Marker Russell.

7. INTRODUCTION WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT OCTANE ? octane ratings measure a fuel's ability to resist the spontaneous ignition. So the higher octane rating means that your car will burn slower. In addition that every single engine has a specific octane number and when it use a lower number the engine can be damaged for a short term.

8. OCTANE RATING METHOD

9. OCTANE RATING METHOD Research Octane Number (RON) is most commonly used octane number and it is determined by burning the fuel in a test engine under controlled conditions and variable compression ratios. Then the results are compared with mixtures of iso-octane and heptane. Motor Octane Number (MON) testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, higher engine speed (900 RPM instead of 600 RPM used for RON, Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Sometimes an average of RON and MON known as Anti Knock Index (AKI) is specified in some locations. This is also known as Road Octane Number ( RdON ) or Pump Octane Number (PON).

10. MON & RON RATING AKI or (R+M)/2 MON RON component 45.2 46.4 44 Methyl hexane 81.5 71 92 n-butanol 92 90.1 94 n-butane 100 100 100 Iso octane 98 89.8 108 Ethanol 116.5 115 118 xylene 114 107 121 toluene  

11. OCTANE RATING METHOD Octane The octane quality of a gasoline is its ability to resist detonation, a form of abnormal combustion. Detonation occurs when the air-fuel mixture reaches a temperature and/or pressure at which it can no longer keep from self igniting. Two types of abnormal combustion are common: the first is detonation as previously mentioned and the other is  preignition.

12. OCTANE RATING METHOD Octane number and suitable engine When fuel is exposed to high temperature or pressure, automatic ignition may occur. the higher the octane number of the fuel, the higher the temperature and pressure at which automatic ignition occurs. rising the octane number increases the efficiency of engine against pressing fuel.

13. IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER

14. IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER Decreasing Factors Octane number decreases when increasing carbon chain length. Normal Paraffin have low Octane number as the molecular weight increases. Some impurities such as lead and sulfur can decrease the Octane rate.

15. IMPROVING OCTANE NUMBER How to improve it. There is an improving and reforming unit in every refinery processing company and its mission is to improve the quality of the product (specially fuel products). By putting some additives into the fuel which discourage auto ignition such as : Aromatics, organometals and oxygenates. By some treating and reforming processes that changes the properties of the fuel like: catalytic reforming, cracking, isomiration and alkylation.

16. LATEST UPDATES

17. LATEST UPDATES RON & MON TESTING ENGINE Using ASTM method for testing octane rating a machine that is called “knocking engine” was made by CFR company to give a specific values of RON and MON for any fuel . The CFR engine measures octane by combusting the fuel and physically measuring the knock that occurs.

18. LATEST UPDATES Portable Octane METER These devices enables you to check the octane number in every where and very simple for users. Octane Meter is developed in Petroleum Chemisorption Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science. The fuel quality analyzer Octane Meter is intended for evaluation of the type of gasoline, and determination its octane number. The Octane Meter also determines the cetane number of diesel fuel.

19. LATEST UPDATES Octane boosters Octane booster can be added to the fuel in the car and it has the ability to improve the fuel and increase its Octane number. These octane boosters use anti-knock additives which, when added to the fuel, prevent the onset of knock (detonation or pre-ignition). By preventing the knock, the effective octane of the fuel is raised.

20. LATEST UPDATES SHELL V-POWER Shell's Friction Modification Technology, or lube, helps the engine turn more freely. Less friction means less wasted energy and more power from the fuel can be transmitted to the wheels. Also, whereas ordinary unleaded fuels have a research octane number of 95 RON, V-Power Nitro+ is rated at 99 RON. Shell says it'll work in anything, old or new. It can help maintain the performance levels of a new car and help restore lost performance to older motors.

21. REFERENCES http://www.richardwheeler.net/ http://www.automotive.com/ ‘Octane determination in Piston Engines ‘ vintagebonanza.com. "Octane Explanation" .  runyard.org . http://www.fuelexpert.co.za/ https://recombu.com http://www.shell.us/motorist/shell-fuels.html

22. QUIZ ??

23. THANK YOU Muhammed Gamal