OilAndGas basics in petroleum industry and Intha impact

Oil and gas basics

1. Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas

2. What are Oil and Gas? Oil and Gas are substances found within the earth’s crust. They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter. Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organic materials were converted into the oil and gas which are found today. (For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas)

3. O il in it’s natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored. W hen oil is refined, many products can be obtained: Energy for power Gasoline for cars Diesel fuel for trucks and trains Hi-octane fuels for planes Heating oil for houses M any other materials also come from petroleum: Plastics Materials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics) Chemicals for everyday use Paints W hat else do we know about oil and gas?

4. D id you know that oil has natural gas in it? T he natural gas is in solution, just like the carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to give it its fizz. W hen oil is produced, some gas is produced with the oil. A barrel of oil may contain anywhere from 1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft, depending on the type of reservoir. T hat’s enough gas in a single barrel of oil to fill your whole house!

5. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Gasoline - 19.5 gallons A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides: Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons Asphalt - 2.3 gallons Kerosene - 0.2 gallons Lubricants - 0.5 gallons Petrochemicals, other products - 6.2 gallons One Barrel = 42 gallons American Petroleum Institute, 1999

6. January 16, 2010

7. W here can we find Oil and Gas?

8. S ome people think that oil is in big pools underground. A ctually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

9. So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks? Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable” rock is one that fluid cannot pass through. without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate.

10. Oil Here’s an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir. Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why? Water

11. Gas Here’s an example of a Gas reservoir. Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping. Water

12. Gas Here’s an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap Oil Why do you suppose the gas is on top? Water

13. How do we find the oil reservoirs? G eophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the sound to come back C omputers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground. Gas Oil source receivers t = 1 sec t = 1.2 sec t = 1.42 sec

14. January 16, 2010

15. What do we do after we find a reservoir? ? ? ?

16. We Drill Into It ! ! !

17. What do we drill with ?

18. A Drilling Rig ! H ere are a few different types of drilling rigs available: Land Rig For drilling on land. Drill Ship Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft. Semi-Submersible Rig Jackup Rig For drilling in water depths from 15 ft to +/- 350 ft. Inland Barge For drilling in water depths from 8 to 30 ft.

19. What’s a drilling rig ?

20. A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put together to enable us to drill into the earth. A drilling rig has many different parts: a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, engines for power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control equipment, and many other pieces. Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6 miles? That’s as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!

21. Drill string Drill bit The hoisting equipment consists of: a crown block, a traveling block, drilling line, and a drawworks to pull the drilling line up or down. substructure derrick T his picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig. This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe. spare drill pipe This shows a 30 foot section of drill pipe being added to the drill pipe already in the hole.

22. H ere’s a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock. The drill string is turned at surface, which turns the bit at the bottom of the hole. The teeth on the drill bit grind the rock into fragments, or “cuttings”. Drilling mud is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe, through jet nozzles in the bit, and into the “annulus”. This is the space between the sides of the hole and the drill pipe. The mud lifts the cuttings and circulates them back to surface where they are removed.

23. 3) the mixture of drilling mud and drill cuttings are circulated up the annulus screens 5) the drill cuttings are removed, and form a cuttings pile. This can be hauled off and disposed of. 4) the mixture is circulated across screens at surface 1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the drill pipe. 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit. 6) Clean mud falls through the screens and is returned to the pits The Drilling Mud Cycle mud pump

24. Circulation system

25. H ere’s a sequence showing how holes are drilled, First, a large drill bit is used to drill a short interval of hole. Then, steel casing is run and cemented on the outside to keep the hole from collapsing. 0’ 200’

26. N ext, a smaller bit is run inside the first casing. This bit drills out the bottom of the casing, and drills new hole. 200’ 0’ 500’ T hen, this new hole is also cased off and cemented.

27. A gain, a smaller hole is drilled out, and smaller casing is run to keep the hole from falling in.

28. I n this way, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is penetrated. At this point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it.

29. T hey do this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable (“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity, density, radioactivity, and pore pressure. H ow do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas?

30. Directional (Slant) and Horizontal Drilling January 16, 2010

31. Sand Shale Siltstone Shale Siltstone Dolomite Shale H ere’s an example of what a log looks like. Geologists look at logs to decide whether or not to complete a well (if there is oil), or abandon it (if there’s no oil). Gamma Radiation 200’ 500’ 3000’ Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor porosity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good porosity

32. C an you tell where the geologist would complete this well? Gamma Radiation 200’ 500’ 3000’ Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor porosity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good porosity } Right here! This shows a clean sand, with good porosity and resistivity. good porosity poor porosity

33. I f the well looks good on the logs, we run a final string of casing across the production zone, and cement it in place.

34. T hen, we run perforating guns in the hole and perforate (shoot holes ) in the casing across the productive zone.

35. P roduction tubing is run, with a packer to isolate the produced zone from the casing above. tubing Packer

36. F inally, the well is produced into a pipeline, which takes it to production facilities on surface.

37. T he production facilities on surface separate out the gas, oil, and water into their separate phases. Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas

38. Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas F rom there, the oil and gas may be refined further before being ready to market. Oil Refinery Storage Tanks

39. F inally, the gas and oil can be sold to power cars and heat houses.

40. And That’s Where Oil and Gas Come From! The End.