Ointments[1]. ppt

Ointments[

1. OINTMENTS OINTMENTS
Ass. Prof. Alaa Zaky

2. OINTMENTS
Def. Ointments are semisolid preparation intended for
application to the skin. They are easily spread
General Uses Of OintmentsGeneral Uses Of Ointments
1. Acts as protective
used as physical barrier to environment
2. Acts as emollient –
softens skin
3.Carrier of medicament
vehicle

3. OINTMENTSOINTMENTS
IDEAL OINTMENT BASE:IDEAL OINTMENT BASE:
1.Stable
2.Non greasy
3.Non irritating
4.Nondehydrating
5.Non hygroscopic
6.Compatible with all medicaments
7.Free from odors
8. Melting & softening at body temperature
9. Smoothness
10. Ease of application

4. CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENT/ OINTMENT
BASES
A- According to PenetrationA- According to Penetration
1. Epidemic OINTMENT :
•Slight penetration power
•Therapeutic effect on diseased epithelium
•e.g, petrolatum,waxes
2. Endodermic OINTMENT:
•Power of deeper penetration
•e.g, vegi oils,lards,lanolin
3. Diadermic OINTMENT:
•Penetrate skin effectively. better absorptionbetter absorption
•e.g., emulsion type & water soluble.

5. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
B- Physical Classification
They may be classified into four main groups:
–Hydrocarbon Bases
–Absorption Bases
–Water Miscible Bases
–Water Soluble Bases

6. CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENT/ OINTMENT BASES
1-1- Hydrocarbon BasesHydrocarbon Bases
 Properties.
1. Anhydrous
2. Do not absorb water readily (Hydrophobic)
3. Insoluble in water
4. Not washable
Examples. Fats and fixed oils such as lardlard, olive oilolive oil, cottonseed oilcottonseed oil,
petrolatum(soft paraffin), white ointment, and Yellow Ointment
(Bees Wax)
Advantages. Highly compatible; good emollients.
Disadvantages. Difficult to remove from skin and clothing;
uncertain as to yield of medicament.
May go rancid . allergies??

7. 2-2- Absorption BasesAbsorption Bases
They may be Classification in to:
A- Non emulsified: they absorb water and aqueous solutions

Examples. Are wool alcohols, bees wax and cholesterol.
B- w/o emulsions: they are similar in properties to the
previous group and are capable of absorbing more water.
Examples. are hydrous wool fat hydrous wool fat B.P. (lanolin) and oily oily
creamcream

8. 2-2- Absorption BasesAbsorption Bases
Properties.
• Anhydrous
• will absorb waterwill absorb water( hydrophillic)
•Insoluble in water
•most are not washablemost are not washable.
Example. Hydrophillic Petrolatum, USP; Anhydrous Lanolin
Advantages. Highly compatible; relatively stable to heat; can
be used in anhydrous form or water can be added when
emolliency is desired.
Disadvantage. Greasy. Less occlusive.

9. 3- EMULSION BASES3- EMULSION BASES::
A. Emulsion Ointment Base (W/O):
1. Hydrous
2. Will absorb water
3. Insoluble in water
4. Not washable
5. Water-Oil-Emulsion
Examples; Lanolin, Rose water Ointment, Cold Cream
B. Emulsion Ointment Base (O/W):
1. Hydrous
2. Will absorb water
3. soluble in water
4. Washable
5. Oil-in-Water Emulsion
6. Hydrophilic Ointment
Examples; Vanishing cream

10. 3- 3- Emulsion Bases. Emulsion Bases.
•Emulsion ointment bases consist of an aqueous phase, an
oleaginous phase, and an emulsifying agent. They are
true, solid emulsions.
Emulsion bases may be
•oil-in-water (o/w)
•water-in-oil (w/o), usually depending upon the phase in
which the emulsifier is more soluble.
•The water phase varies from 10 to 80 % of the completed
ointment base.
•Emulsifying agent. Emulsifying agent. They can be anionic, cationic, nonionic.

11. •Preparation Emulsion bases Preparation Emulsion bases by; by;
1- melting the greasy and oily materials together in one
container
2- heating the water and water-soluble materials in another
container.
3- at the temp 75° C, they are mixed together until a
smooth cream results. While the mixture is still warm
and thin,
4- it may be passed through a homogenizer to improve the
appearance and quality of the base.
5- The mixture is then stirred until it congeals.

12.   3- 3- Emulsion basesEmulsion bases.
Properties. The w/ow/o emulsion bases are insoluble in water and
are not washable; the o/wo/w emulsion bases are washable and
non-greasy.
Example:
• Lanolin, USP (w/o);
• Hydrophilic Ointment, USP (o/w);
• Vanishing creams (o/w).
Advantages:
• Washable and non-greasy if oil-in-water (o/w).
Disadvantages:
• Subject to water loss if o/w,
• greasy and unwashable if water-in-oil (w/o),
• a preservative is add, the bases are subject to mold growthmold growth.

13. 4- Water-Soluble Bases.4- Water-Soluble Bases.
• The PEGPEG, or CarbowaxesCarbowaxes, are of great importance in
ointments.
•CarbowaxesCarbowaxes with a molecular weight from 1,000 to more
and softsoft to hardhard, ointment-like substances.
Properties:
• Anhydrous
• but will absorb water and dissolve in water;
•Washable
•Non-greasy.
Examples. PEG bases containing pectin, cellulose, Bentonite,
and gelatin.

14. 4- Water-Soluble Bases.4- Water-Soluble Bases.
Advantages.
•Wide range of compatibility;
• do not become rancid or support microbial growth;
• nonirritating
•adhere well to skin;
• easily washed
• low sensitization.
Disadvantages.
•Sometimes undergo gradual discoloration with certain
drugs.
• Unless cetyl alcohol is added, an aqueous solution can be
added only to the extent of 5%.

15. CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENT/ OINTMENT BASES
Uses or therapeutic classification
1.Emollient
2.Protective
3.Anti infectives
4.Anti Eczematic
5.Keratolytic
6.Anti Prespirants

16. Methods of preparationMethods of preparation
1- Mixing by Fusion:
• All or some components are combined by being melted
together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
•The oil phase The oil phase should be melted separately, starting with
materials having the highest melting point.
•all ingredients in the water phase all ingredients in the water phase are combined and heated
separately to temperature equal to above that of the oil
phase
•The two phases The two phases are them combined. If a w/o system is
desired, the hot aqueous phase is incorporated into the hot
oil phase with agitation.
•Volatile materials Volatile materials are added after the melted mixture cools
to desired temperature.

17. Addition of Liquids to baseLiquids to base
such as methyl salicylate, coal tar and ichthammol should be
added just as the base is thickening, at about 40C.
Addition of insoluble solids insoluble solids (calamine, starch, zinc oxide)
should be passed through a 180 um sieve and added in small
amount while stirring to melted base,
•when it shows first sign of thickening. Sedimentation
should be prevented.
•If the product has liquid paraffin or a fixed oil, small
amount can be used to levigate powder before adding to
base to produce a smoother product.

18. 2- Mixing by trituration (Incorporation)
•Incorporation: components are mixed until a uniform preparation is
attained.
1- 1- Incorporation of solid:
2- 2- Incorporation of liquid:
•Incorporation of solid;Incorporation of solid; should be powdered finely in a mortar and
mixed with an equal amount of base until a smooth is obtained. The
rest of the base is added.
•Incorporation of liquid; Incorporation of liquid; into an ointment, care must be taken to
consider the capacity of the ointment in accepting the liquid.
•When it is necessary to mix, it should be added into minimal amount
of the hydrophilic base first. The mixture should be then added into
the hydrophobic base

19. Methods of preparationMethods of preparation
Levigation of powders Levigation of powders into small portion of base is facilitated
by the use of levigating agents.
•Levigating agents:Levigating agents:
Mineral oil for oily bases oily bases or bases where oil are the
external phase
Glycerin for bases where water bases where water is the external phase.
Levigating agent should be equal in volume to the
solid material.
•Powders for incorporation are placed on the tile and mixed
gently.
•Powders are levigated until mixture is smooth and
homogenous.

20. Some ointment base and medicated ointmentsSome ointment base and medicated ointments
1-1- Simple ointment EP Simple ointment EP

R/ wool fat 10 gm
Hard paraffin 10 gm
soft paraffin 10 gm

Uses ; Uses ; for general ointment base

2-2- Emulsifying ointment EP Emulsifying ointment EP

R/ Emulsifying wax 30 gm
white soft paraffin 50 gm
liquid paraffin 10 gm

Uses ; Uses ; for general w/o ointment base
and solid of insoluble substances

3-3- Zinc Oxide ointment EP Zinc Oxide ointment EP

R/ Zinc oxide 10 gm
Liquid paraffin 10 gm
Simple ointment 80 gm
Method of preparation; by levigate with
liq paraffin till soften and mix with simple
oint.
Uses ; Uses ; Antiseptic
4-4- Whitfield”s ointment EP Whitfield”s ointment EP

R/ Benzoic acid 6 gm
Salicylic acid 3 gm
Emulsifying ointment to 100 gm

UsesUses ; ; for Keratolytic

21. Some ointment base and medicated ointmentsSome ointment base and medicated ointments
5-5- Aqueous cream BP Aqueous cream BP

R/ Emulsifying ointment 30 gm

Chlorocresol 0.1
gm
purified water to 100 gm


Uses ; - Uses ; - for general o/w base
-- Antiseptic
6-6- staining Iodine ointment EP staining Iodine ointment EP
R/ Iodine 4 gm
Potassium iodide 4 gm
glycerol 12 gm
wool fat 4 gm
yellow base wax 4 gm
yellow soft paraffin 72 gm
Preparation;
aa- dissolve 1,2 in 3 using glass mortardissolve 1,2 in 3 using glass mortar
bb- - melt 4,5,6 over water bath and stir until setmelt 4,5,6 over water bath and stir until set
c-c- add add (b)(b) to to (a)(a) and mix thoroughly by and mix thoroughly by
triturationtrituration
Uses ; Uses ; -- Antiseptic