Okra

hybrid seed production and general information about okra

1. Delvadiya Indrajay R. Ph.D. (Agri.) Student Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh

2. OKRA Botanical name : Abelmoschus esculentus Family : Malvaceae Origin : South Africa Chromosome no 2n = 72 to 144 (poly ploidy )

3. It is a tropical and sub tropical lowland regions of Africa, Asia, America and warmer temperate region of the Mediterranean. A.Tuberculatus - one of the ancestors of okra occurring in India has nine wild taxa of which A. esculentus is popularly grown for pod production. A.Tetraphylus - 18 old land races have been developed in this species in India. Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus )

4. Its origin Is tropical Asia and Africa. The main region of cultivation and diversity of okra in India, Srilanka,Pakistan,Nepal,Bangladesh. Two wild species A. crinitus and A. angulosus are exclusive origin of Asia. A.moschatus is present as wild form in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil nadu, Karnataka and Uttar pradesh.

5. Characteristics of Abelmoschus Species Abelmoschus Species Somatic Chromosome number Wild(w)/ Culti v ated( c ) A.angulosus 56 W A.aberculatus 58 W A.moschatus 72 WC A.ficulneus 72 W A.tetraphyllus 138 W A.tetraphyllus var.pungent 138 W A.crinitus 9 W A.callei 196 W A.manihot 66 WC A.esculentus 130 C

6. DISTRIBUTION Abelmoschus Species Distribution A.angulosus India and Srilanka A.aberculatus India A.moschatus India, Nepal and Srilanka A.ficulneus India and Bangladesh A.tetraphyllus India, Nepal and Srilanka A.tetraphyllus var.pungent India, Nepal and Srilanka A.crinitus India and Srilanka A.callei India A.manihot India and Srilanka A.esculentus Worldwide

7. Germplasm Collections IBPGR has degenerated NBPGR with global responsibility of base collection of Okra. Okra Germplasm collection programme is being carried out mainly through NBPGR New Delhi and Akola in Maharashtra. More than 8 specific explorations have already been organized, explosing and collections from Punjab, Hariyana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Central and western parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, South Peninsular tract in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Eastwards Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Assam plains and adjoining hilly tracts of North Eastern region. The SAU and ICAR institutes have also made contribution to NBPGR, which holds more than 2,386 accessions of Okra, represented by 9 spp with maximum variability in A.esculentus.

8. PUNJAB HARIYANA RAJASTHAN GUJARAT MAHARASHTRA KARNATAKA TAMILNADU KERALA AND H RA P RA D E SH ORISSA ASSAM Germplasm Collections

9. Breeding Programmes in Okra Besides NBPGR, major centres includes IIVR (Varanasi), IIHR (Bangalore), PAU (Ludhiana), GAU ( Junagarh ), KAU ( Trissur ), OUAT ( Bhubaneshwar ).

10. Identified PROMISING LINES of Okra for various attributes Early flowering IC-128062,11479,117218 Ec-325356,329370 Long duration fruiting IC-264697,2647 E C- 305 7 49,306 7 41 Resistant to damping- off, Rhizoctonia solani Red Ghana,sel7-1,BH-27,IC12096 Resistant to Powedry mildew Nigeria,EC32598,IC8248, A.tetraphyllus,A.angulosus. Resistant to Cercospora blight Sel-7-1,Round selection,EC- 32598, A .crinitus, A . m osch a tu s , A .a ngulosus. Resistant to Fusarium wilt IS-9273,Pusa Sawani, Pusa Makhmli. Resistant to leaf curl virus A.ficulnes,A.manihot.

11. Co n t d…. Resistant to microphomina IC-90186,U-43087,U4365 Resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus A.Manihot ssp. Parbhani kranti punjab padmini IC-1542,ACC-49, NIC-9303A Resistant to jassid IC7194,Sesswal Local,IIHR21,AE30 Crimson Smooth Resistant to fruit-borer A.tuberculatus ,Red-I, Pusa Sawani, long Green Resistant to nematode Long Green Smooth Tolerant to mite A.angulosus.

12. Breeding O bjectives There is a strong need to build-up adaptability To develop high-yielding hybrids capable of giving more marketable yield of dark green, tender, thin, medium-long, smooth and optimum seed setting ability. Pods should be free from conspicuous hairs. To breed early-maturing hybrids with a prolonged harvesting period. To evolve hybrids resistant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus(YVMV), Fusarium wilt, Cercospora leaf spot, Powdery mildew, etc.,

13. Breeding O bjective To combine resistance to Yellow vein mosaic virus with resistance to fruit and shoot borer, white fly, jassid and root knot nematode. To develop most suitable ideotype short plants and more number of nodes with short internodes length would be more productive than tall plant with long internodal length. To evolve hybrids tolerant to abiotic stresses. To develop hybrids suitable for processing industry and export markets.

14. Insect Pests Nematodes Fruit borer Jassids

15. Diseases Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Disease Cercospora leaf spot Powdery mildew

16. Botany and Floral Biology

17. Plant : Erect, herbaceous annual, 1-2 m tall. Leaves : Alternate, 3-7 lobed, hirsute and serrate. Flower : Solitary, axillary with long peduncle. Epicalyx : Long, narrow hairy bracteoles. Calyx : Splits longitudinally as the flower open. Petals : 5 cm, yellow with crimson spot on claw. Stamens : Staminal column is united to base of petals with numerous stamens.

18. Ovary : Superior. Fruit : Capsule. Stigma receptivity : on the day of flower opening. Pollen viability : 55 days (in storage at 50% RH). After pollination it takes 2-6 hrs for fertilization. Protogyny : Allogamy. -but out cross through insect can be 19%

19. METHODS OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION Hand emasculation and pollination: Female line buds (a day prior to anthesis) Slight ring cut at the base Remove the anthers with care Bag them In male line tie the bud a day prior to anthesis.

20. POLLINATION Pollen from freshly opened bud which are previously bagged from the male parent line is collected in the morning. Pollen is dusted directly on stigma of the emasculated flower of the female parent with the help of camel hair brush. For selfing cover the individual flower with the butter paper bags.

21. Method of seed production Seed to seed Stages of seed production Breeder seed Foundation seed Certified seed

22. Distance between male and female: 5 metres

23. Morphogenetic Charecters of bhendi hybrid parents

24. Materials required for emasculation and pollination For emasculation of flower bud, forceps and needles are required, while plastic container, pollen ring, scissors and brush are needed for pollen extraction from anthers and for pollination work. Hand emasculation The removal of androecium (stamens) from bisexual flower is called as emasculation. The buds opened next day, were selected in female parent and emasculation was carried out by removing the androecium along with the corolla. These emasculated buds were covered with butter paper pockets to avoid cross pollination and also for easy identification of emasculated flower for pollination. The emasculation was carried out daily from 2-00 to 6-00 pm (Plate 3). Care was also taken to remove the unemasculated flowers as per treatment and during emasculation to avoid genetic contamination i n the crossed ones. Hand emasculation and Hand pollination

25. The transfer of pollen from male parent to female parent is called as pollination. The just opened flowers were picked from the male parent in a separate brown paper pockets and used for crossing of emasculated flowers. One male flower was used to pollinate four, six, eight and ten female emasculated buds as par the treatments and after crossing different colour thread was tied to the pedicel of the crossed buds for easy identification of the crossed bud. Pollination was carried out daily between 8-00 am to 4-00 pm depending upon the treatments (Plate 4). The crossing was carried out for a period of eight weeks from the initiation of flowering. The buds and flowers that appeared subsequently after the stopping of crossing programme were manually removed to facilitate better development of the crossed fruits and to avoid the selfed seeds in the hybrid. P o lli n ation

26. NATIONAL RELEASED HYBRIDS AOH-262 Developed at GAU, Anand. Each plant bears 10 fruits with average weight of 11grams. Average yield- 780 q/ha. AOH- 263 Developed by GAU, Anand. Resistant to YVMV. Average yield- 834 q/ha. DUR-2(Shitla Uphar) Cross between PDIB-1 and PDIB-3 Developed by IIVR, Varanasi. Average yield- 860 q/ha.

27. DUR-1(Shitla Jyothi) PDIB-12 and PDIB-1. Suitable for both rainy and summer season. Resistant to YVMV and Leaf Curl Virus. VARSHA Developed by Indo-American hybrid seed, Bangalore. Tall, early maturing. Tolerant to YVMV. VIJAY Developed by Indo-American hybrid seed. Dwarf compare to VARSHA. Its also tolerant to YVMV.

28. Nazuk:- Nazuk is a high yielding hybrid with moderate tolerance to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus. The first picking starts from 45-50 days and the fruits are tender, dark green, 12 – 14 cm long. Some okra hybrid variety Taja:- Taja offers fruits of exceptional quality with good yield. The first picking starts from 45 – 47 days after sowing and the fruits are slender,shiny dark green in colour. The fruits also keep well for 12-15 days. The hybrid is moderately tolerant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus.

29. Purna:- Purna is highly tolerant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus(YVMV) disease. The hybrid is a high yielder with shorter internodes and produces long (13 cm), green, five ribbed fruits and is suitable for cultivation across the country. Jaya:- Jaya is a high yielding, tall vigourous hybrid. The fruits are medium long green, tender with five ridges. It is tolerant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus(YVMV) and can be grown all over India. Subha:- An early high yielding hybrid, with tall plants, medium branching and narrow leaves. The first fruit matures in 38 – 40 days. The fruit are dark green, tender, of medium girth, 18 – 20 cm in length, five ribbed, smooth and with good keeping quality. This hybrid is tolerant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) disease.

30. Arka Anamika:- A Government Notified Variety and is recommended for all India cultivation. The fruits are 15 – 20 cm long, lush green, cylindrical tapering with light reddish shades, coarse surface with 5 ridges. It is a good yielder. Dhaanya Selection Saloni:- Saloni is a high yielding, moderately tolerant to yellow vein mosaic virus variety and is recommended for all India cultivation. The fruits are long, tender, and green with five ridges. Hybrids: CO2 (AE 180XPUSASEWANI)CO3 (PRABHARIKRANTI X MDU1),Mahyco hybrid, Shoba and Prabhanikranti. Varieties : Co.1, MDU.1, Parbhani Kranti, Arka Anamika, Pusa A-4, Pusa Sawani

31. Varieties relesed by JAU 1. GO-3: National level in Zone VII & VIII for kharif season Fruit yield : 8668 kg/ha in Zone–VII Fruit yield : 12725 kg/ha in Zone–VIII The fruit are smooth, green, tender and attractive in colour . Year of release: 2006-07. 33

32. 2. GJOH-2 : National level in Z one II, IV, VI, VII & VIII and Kharif okra growing areas of Saurashtra , Middle & South Gujarat The variety GJOH-2 showed 23.33 and 39.92 per cent higher green fruit yield over GJOH-1 and Pusa Sawani , respectively at Junagadh during kharif 2003-2008. The average yield of the fruit is 14836 kg/ha. Year of release: 2008-09. 34

33. 3. GJO-3 : Kharif okra growing areas of Saurashtra , South Gujarat The variety possesses green, tender and attractive fruits. The average fruit yield is 15052 kg/ha. Year of release: 2009-10. 35

34. 4. GJOH-3 : National level in Zone V, VI & VII and kharif okra growing area of Gujarat state The hybrid GJOH-3 is recommended for cultivation in kharif okra growing area of Gujarat state due to its yield superiority (13744 kg/ha). The fruit is dark green colour and tender with higher protein (1.15%) and ascorbic acid content (6.3 mg/100g). The hybrid showed lesser incidence of YVMV (24.2%). The hybrid was tested already been released under AICRIP programme for Zone V, VI and VII of India. Year of release: 2010-11. 36

35. Gujarat Junagadh Okra Hybrid 4 -GJOH 4 1 Name of crop Okra 2 Botanical name Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 3 Name of variety Gujarat Junagadh Okra Hybrid 4 (GJOH 4) 4 Parentage with details of its pedigree JF-55 x JOL-2K-19 5 Breeding method Heterosis breeding 6 Year of release 2014-15 7 Gazette notification Awaited Gujarat Okra 6 (GO 6) 1 Name of crop Okra 2 Botanical name Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 3 Name of variety Gujarat Okra 6 (GO 6) 4 Parentage with details of its pedigree AOL-03-1 x JOL-2K-19 Year of release 2017-18 Breeding method Hybridization followed by pedigree method of selection.

36. General requirements Specific requirements Field Standards Sources: IMSCS

37. BENEFITS OF OKRA

38. 1 .Very low calorie vegetables . They provide just 30 calories per 100 g besides containing no saturated fats or cholesterol. rich sources of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins , cholesterol controlling and weight reduction . compose healthy amounts of vitamin A, and flavonoid anti- oxidants such as beta-carotene, xanthin and lutein .

39. the good source of folates; helps decrease the incidence of neural tube defects in the offspring 5. The gumbo pods are also an excellent source of anti-oxidant vitamin, vitamin-C, providing about 36% of daily- recommended levels 6. Are rich in B-complex group of vitamins like niacin, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), thiamin and pantothenic acid.

40. Also contain good amounts of vitamin K. Vitamin K is a co-factor for blood clotting enzymes and is required for strengthening of bones. The pods are also good source of many important minerals such as iron, calcium, manganese and magnesium.