Or cleaning & fumigation

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1. OR CLEANING & FUMIGATION Dr Nisar Ahmed Arain Assistant Professor Anesthesia/Critical care/ER

2. -- Scrubbing with detergents and rinsing with water -- Spot cleaning of walls and ceiling daily -- For open shelves – clean daily -- For closed cabinets – clean weekly -- For furniture's, lights equipment’s Clean end of the day with Lysol -- Lights and other equipment's – steamed weekly - General Cleaning Of OR

3. General Cleaning contd. --The F loors should be scrubbed with warm water and detergent and dried. No disinfectant is necessary -- The O.T. table and other nonclinical equipment’s must be wiped to remove all visible dirt and left to dry -- Weakly cleaning of all the areas inside the operating theatre complex should be done thoroughly with warm water and detergent and dried -- The storage shelves must be emptied and wiped over, and allowed to dry and restacked

4. LEVELS OF DISINFECTION --HIGH: This kills all the organisms except -spores, Prions e.g. Glutaraldehyde (Prions) -are misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several Fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in Humans and other animals --INTERMEDIATE Kills Mycobacteria, most viruses and bacteria -- LOW Kills some viruses and bacteria

5. Formaldehyde fumigation Commonly used to sterilize the OT - Requirement (For an area of 1000 cubic feet) - 500 ml of 40% formaldehyde in one liter of water -Stove or hot plate for heating formalin - 300 ml of 10% Ammonia

6. Procedure --Close all the doors & windows of OR airtight and switch off fans and A.C. --Heat formalin solution till boiling --Fumigate OR with it --Leave the OT unentered over night --Enter the OT next day morning with 300ml of “ ammonia” --Keep the ammonia solution for 2-3 hrs to neutralize formalin vapours --Open the OT to start surgery --Advised fumigation at weekly intervals

7. - Mode of Action Formaldehyde inactivates microorganisms by alkylating the aminoacid and sulfhydryl groups of proteins and ring nitrogen atoms of purine bases. - Disadvantages - It acts as a potential carcinogen -It is Toxic -It is i rritant

8. Duration --In case of any construction in O.T.  48 hrs -- In case of inflected cases  24hrs -- For routine clean cases  12 hrs --Alternatively 250 ml of formalin and 3000 ml of tap water are put into a machine (auto mist) and time is set for 2 hrs. The mist is circulated for 2hrs inside the closed room.

9. Commercially available disinfectant - Baccilocid rasant --A newer and effective compound in environmental decontamination with very good cost/benefit ratio good material compatibility, excellent cleaning properties . It is a Formaldehyde-free disinfectant cleaner with low use concentration. -- Active ingredients Glutaral 100 mg/g, B enzyl -C12-18- alkyldimethylammonium chlorides 60 mg/ g, didecyldimethylammonium chloride 60 mg/g.

10. Advantages --Provides complete asepsis within 30 to 60 minutes. Cleaning with detergent or carbolic acid is not required -- Formalin fumigation not required -- Shutdown of O.T. for 24 hrs is not required.

11. Aldekol - A new method of fumigation has been evolved using “ Aldekol” a mixture containing 6% formaldehyde 6% glutaraldehyde and 5% benzalkonium120 chloride

12. -Disinfection by Radiation - Ultraviolet radiation --Daily U.V. Irradiation for 12 -16 hrs --To be switched off 2 hrs before

13. DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT INSTRUMENTS, AND OTHER REUSABLE ITEMS --Immediately after use, all surgical instruments reusable gloves, and other items that have been in contact with blood or other body fluids should be placed in a plastic bucket containing a solution of 0.5% chlorine for 10 minutes . After 10 minutes the items should be removed from the chlorine solution and rinsed with water or cleaned immediately

14. CLEANING OF EQUIPMENT INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER REUSABLE ITEMS - The instruments and other items should be washed vigorously with a brush (a toothbrush is a good option) in lukewarm water with detergent to remove all blood, tissue. -- Cleaning instruments with ultrasonic cleaner is used for cleaning of micro surgical instruments .

15. -HIGH LEVEL DISINFACTANTS --- Chlorine solutions These are fast acting, very effective against HBV, HCV and HIV/ AIDS, these are inexpensive and readily available . ---Formaldehyde (8%), which is inexpensive and readily available is an effective high-level disinfectant (HLD) but, the vapours are very irritating and it is classified as a potential carcinogen. Do not dilute with chlorinated water as a dangerous gas (bis- chloromethyl-ether) can be produced.

16. Glutaraldehyde - It is suitable for instruments that cannot be autoclaved like sharp cutting instruments, plastic & rubber items, and endoscopes. It is effective against vegetative pathogens in 15 minutes and resistant pathogenic spores in 3 hrs

17. Hydrogen Peroxide -- (H2O2), which must be diluted to a 6% solution, is less expensive. The 3% H2O2 solutions used as antiseptics, however, it should not be used as a disinfectant. The major disadvantage of hydrogen peroxide is that it is highly corrosive

18. Steam Sterilization (Autoclaving) - Steam sterilization (frequently referred to as autoclaving) depends on the use of steam above 100 0C. Temperatures ranging from 121-134 0C at pressures of 15-30 psi are generally recommended. - Steam readily penetrates all wrapped materials with the destruction of all viruses and bacteria, including the most resistant spores. - Minimum holding times for the sterilization of medical equipment are 15 minutes at 121 0C.

19. -CHEMICAL STERILIZATION (Gas) - Ethylene Oxide (E. T. O.) --Widely used for re -sterilizing ‘packaged heat sensitive devices’ like sharp knives and blades. --It is non-corrosive and safe for most plastic and polyethylene materials. --it is the preferred method for sterilizing heat labile tubings, vitrectomy cutters, cryoprobes, light pipes, laser probes diathermy leads, cannulated instruments like endoscopes etc.

20. Sterilization methods of choice for articles DURING SURGERY -1- Linen (Gowns, Caps, Masks, Drapes)- Autoclaving -2- Glassware (Syringes) - Dry heat sterilization or use disposables from reputed firms -3- Metal instruments- Autoclaving -4- Plastic instruments/ Components- Ethylene oxide sterilization, formalin chamber -5- Sharp edges instruments - ETO/ Hot air oven / Chemical disinfection. -6- Sutures - Can be autoclaved -7- Diathermy, Cautery electrodes- Autoclaving. -8- Diathermy, Cautery electrodes- Autoclaving. -9- Endoilluminators/ probes- Ethylene oxide sterilization.

21. - -SURVEILLANCE OF OPERATION THEATRE MONITORING --Swabs collected from various locations in the OT include -1. Operation table at the head end -2. Over head lamp -3. Four Walls -4. Floor below the head end of the table -5. Instrument trolley -6. AC duct -7. Microscope handles -- The swabs obtained are cultured for aerobic (Chocolate agar) and anaerobic (Robertson’s Cooked Meat Medium) growth

22. CHOCOLATE AGAR --Solid culture medium --Useful for the isolation of many organisms including H.influenzae N.meningitidis N.gonorrhoeae and Moraxella species

23. ROBERSON,S COOKED MEAT MEDIUM --Most widely used fluid medium for the culture of anaerobes -- It consists of fat free minced cooked meat in broth -- Permits the growth of even strict anaerobes --Meat turned red – sacchrolysis -- Meat turned black - proteolysis

24. ANAEROBIC CULTURE METHODS ---Mc Intosh Fildes anaerobic jar ---Gaspak --- RCM ---Pre reduced anaerobic system ---Anaerobic glove box

25. -Mc INTOSH FILDES ANAEROBIC JAR

26. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA --Clostridium perfringens --Clostridium septicum --Clostridium novyi --Clostridium botulinum --CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

27. -CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

28. CULTURE Swarming growth – detected on the opposite half of the plate after 1-2 days of incubation