Oral_Health_Conditions for nursing students

Medical

1. Periodontal Diseases Definition: Periodontal diseases are infections and inflammation of the gums and bone supporting the teeth.

2. Etiology • Poor oral hygiene • Bacterial plaque accumulation • Smoking • Diabetes mellitus • Genetic factors

3. Pathophysiology • Bacteria in plaque cause inflammation of the gums. • If untreated, inflammation spreads to periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. • Leads to gum recession, tooth mobility, and tooth loss.

4. Signs and Symptoms • Swollen, red gums • Bleeding while brushing • Bad breath • Loose teeth • Gum recession

5. Medical Management • Antibiotics (Doxycycline 100 mg PO daily) • Antimicrobial mouthwash (Chlorhexidine 0.12% rinse BID) • Scaling and root planing

6. Nursing Interventions • Educate on proper oral hygiene • Encourage regular dental check-ups • Monitor for signs of infection

7. Prevention • Brush twice daily • Floss regularly • Avoid smoking • Regular dental visits

8. Periapical Abscesses & Dental Caries Definition: A periapical abscess is a localized infection at the root of a tooth, while dental caries is tooth decay caused by bacterial activity.

9. Etiology • Poor oral hygiene • High sugar intake • Bacterial infection • Trauma to the tooth

10. Pathophysiology • Bacteria penetrate enamel and dentin, reaching the pulp. • Inflammation leads to pus formation in periapical tissues. • If untreated, it may spread to surrounding tissues.

11. Signs and Symptoms • Severe toothache • Swelling of the gums • Pus drainage • Fever • Bad breath

12. Medical Management • Antibiotics (Amoxicillin 500 mg PO TID for 7 days) • Pain relief (Ibuprofen 400-600 mg PO Q6H PRN) • Root canal treatment or tooth extraction

13. Nursing Interventions • Educate on pain management • Encourage completion of antibiotic course • Promote oral hygiene practices

14. Prevention • Reduce sugar intake • Maintain oral hygiene • Regular dental check-ups

15. Stomatitis Definition: Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosa, causing pain and discomfort.

16. Etiology • Viral infections (Herpes simplex) • Fungal infections (Candida) • Nutritional deficiencies (Vitamin B12, Iron) • Allergic reactions

17. Pathophysiology • Mucosal injury triggers inflammation. • Leads to ulcer formation and pain. • Severe cases may cause difficulty in eating and speaking.

18. Signs and Symptoms • Mouth pain • Redness and swelling • Ulcers or blisters • Difficulty eating • Bad breath

19. Medical Management • Antiviral (Acyclovir 400 mg PO TID for herpes) • Antifungal (Nystatin oral suspension 5 mL QID for candidiasis) • Pain relief (Lidocaine gel PRN)

20. Nursing Interventions • Encourage soft diet • Promote oral hygiene • Educate on avoiding irritants like spicy foods

21. Prevention • Maintain good oral hygiene • Avoid allergens and irritants • Ensure proper nutrition

22. Gingivitis Definition: Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup.

23. Etiology • Poor oral hygiene • Smoking • Diabetes • Hormonal changes

24. Pathophysiology • Plaque bacteria produce toxins. • Causes gum inflammation without affecting bone. • Can progress to periodontitis if untreated.

25. Signs and Symptoms • Swollen, tender gums • Bleeding while brushing • Bad breath • Gum discoloration

26. Medical Management • Antimicrobial mouthwash (Chlorhexidine 0.12% rinse BID) • Professional dental cleaning

27. Nursing Interventions • Educate on proper brushing and flossing • Encourage regular dental visits • Monitor for worsening symptoms

28. Prevention • Brush and floss daily • Use antiseptic mouthwash • Avoid smoking • Regular dental check-ups