oral presentation skills

power point presentation on oral presentation skills extension education

1. Welcome to the department of agricultural extension Oral presentation skills

2. The action of communication in which one speaker is doing most of the sending and a number of listeners are doing most of the receiving. Chaganti koteswarao Venkaih naidu Sasi tharoor Jayaprakash narayana

3. Presentation skills basically refer to the ability to communicate in an effective way whether in small or large groups. The process involves explaining and showing the content of either a topic to an audience. To be an effective communicator, one has to keep on practicing so as to become efficient and effective. Organizing an effective Presentation involves Five Steps. Each step is having its own contribution for making the presentation more attractive. Due care has to be taken by the presenter in analyzing and integrating all the steps to become an efficient presenter.

4. STEPS IN PREPARATION FOR PRESENTATION Develop the objectives. Analyze the audience. Develop content. Prepare a presentation outline. Develop visual aids, handouts, and notes.

5. Step 1: Develop the objectives. In order to effectively present information to a group of people, the presenter must understand several things beforehand. Purpose of the presentation The results of the presentation When the presenter knows both of purpose and results of a presentation, he or she has a necessary starting point for a presentation. The presenter now has the freedom to begin to craft his or her approach inside the boundaries of the presentation’s purpose and expected results.

6. Step 2: Analyze the audience . Since the purpose and desired results of the presentation are already clear at this point, the next thing to understand is the audience: Who is the primary audience for the presentation? ─ The “primary audience” refers to the majority of people who will be there. The key point is to have a rough idea of their knowledge base. Be aware that sometimes the audience has a few people with greater expertise than the majority, as well as a few with much less expertise.

7. What do they know already? ─ Part of preparation for a presentation is finding how familiar and experienced the audience is regarding the topic . What do they need to know? ─ Is the presentation about new information that impacts them; is it about defining a problem or making a decision; or something else? Why do they need this knowledge? How can I tailor a presentation to meet the needs of the audience?

8. Step 3: Develop content. Once the objectives of the presentation are established and the background of the audience is understood, the next task is to decide what information will be presented. What are my main and supporting ideas that will help the audience understand the topic I am presenting? What are the benefits (to the audience) of the objectives of the presentation? ─ i.e., what’s in it for them?

9. How will the audience get something out of the information presented, the topics discussed, the problems defined, the decisions made, or the skills taught in the presentation? What types of information can I gather to support the main ideas I will present? ─ Statistics ─ Historical trends ─ Research ─ Pictures (photos, graphics, other visual components ─ Quotes ─ Telling a story from past experience

10. Consider the specific needs you have that, when met, will emphasize the main and supporting points. This step is centered on planning how to deliver the elements of your presentation. In other words, this purpose of this step is for the presenter to plan his or her “marching orders” for the presentation – the sequence of how and when to deliver the content.

11. Step 4: Prepare a presentation outline . There are three elements that must be coordinated by the outline: ─ Introduction (a beginning so it opens well) ─ Body (a middle so it moves along well) ─ Conclusion (an end so it finishes well) Use visual aids of some type. In almost all circumstances, presentation with visual aids is more effective than a stand-alone monologue. To enhance the effectiveness of delivery, decide where and when to include visuals.

12. ─ Handout ─ Chart pad ─ Erasable board/chalkboard, where available ─ Slideshow Estimate the time consumption of your speaking sections combined with the time consumption of the other activities in the presentation. Each of these (below) involves audience participation, and each one consumes more time than a monologue: ─ Question & answer period ─ Small-group discussions

13. HAND OUT SLIDE SHOW

14. Step 5: Develop visual aids, handouts, and notes . This step is centered on creating the visuals and handouts that enhance the delivery and effectiveness of a presentation. This step also includes preparing your own notes to use when delivering a presentation. SEVEN FACTORS TO REMEMBER The Start Do not apologize Be confident Know the topic well

15. 2. Audience Mood Be empathic with your audience’s mood Watch your audience’s body language; their facial expressions, glances exchanged, shuffling of feet etc. Project the right degree of formality Use good pace and drive Don’t be arrogant - this will turn your audience against you Control your enthusiasm

16. 3. Your Voice Be clearly audible Use a microphone if necessary Keep your head up Open your mouth wider than during normal speech Speak comparatively slow so the audience can digest what you are saying Keep right level of stress, accent, and speed of speaking Use a good pitch – the musical tone – vary it. High notes convey urgency, the low notes convey emphasis

17. 4. Body Language Positioning of your body – stand in a good posture, do not pace around too much Use your hands in proper gestures to support your points Good use of eye contact – gains and holds attention and establishes rapport Avoid mannerisms that irritate, e.g. swaying side to side, fiddling with marker, fidgeting with fingers, swirling to and fro etc. Avoid hands in pockets

18. 5. Your Visual Aids When using flip charts or white boards, write from the side Write legibly Stand so that you do not block the view of the screen Do not speak to the board or screen

19. 6. Timing Make sure you end on time Observe the division of time from the introduction to body and to the conclusion 7. Conclusion Finish with equal enthusiasm as was on start Ask the audience for action Leave no doubt in your audience’s mind that you have come to an end of your presentation

20. Last but not least “There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.” -Colin L. Powell

21. Package and practices of sesame ORIGIN: Ethiopia Sesamum indicum DISTRIBUTION:- Major sesame producing countries are India, China, Myanmar, Sudan , Pakisthan , Mexico, Ethiopia, Srilanka and Burma. * In India, major sesame cultivating states are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Maharashtra * Major exporting countries are Sudan, Nigeria. India stands first in both area and production . VARIETIES:- Popular varieties in Andhra Pradesh à Gauri , Madhavi,YLM-11, YLM-17, . Latest Variety in Andhra Pradesh à Chandana (ICS-94)

22. CROP ROTATION:- Andhra Pradesh à R ice / Groundnut – Sesame Sesame – Horse gram – Chickpea. Rice / Potato – Sesame. Cotton – Sesame – Wheat. Sesame – Groundnut / Cotton / Maize CROPPING SYSTEMS:- INTER CROPPING:- Sesame + Greengram (1:1) Sesame + Pigeonpea (2:1) Sesame + Soybean (2:1) Sesame + Cowpea (8:1) Sesame + Groundnut (1:1)

23. SOILS:- Sesame comes up well on soils with slightly acidic (or) neutral reaction . It can be grown on well drained soils and performs well in light loamy soils . It is highly sensitive to water logging. Very sandy, saline and alkaline soils are not suitable.

24. CLIMATE:- Sesame is essentially a tropical crop grown in arid and semi-arid areas. * It is generally cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries. * It’s main distribution is between 250 s and 250 N Latitudes * Its altitude range is normally below 1250 m although some varieties locally adopted up to 1500 m. * Generally, it requires fairly hot conditions during growth for optimum yield. * Ideal optimum temperature for growth is 25-270 C *Extremely low temperatures of 100 C, there is a complete ceasing of growth. * Temperatures >40 C seriously affect the pollination when there is less number of capsules. * Sesame is a short day plant. * High light intensity increase number of Capsules / plant.

25. SEEDS AND SEEDING:- SEED RATE:- Rainfed Irrigated Under broadcasting (Kg/Ha ) 6 5 Row seeding (Kg/Ha) 5 4 Mixed (or) Intercropping à 1 Kg/Ha SPACING:- 30 X 10 Cm in Andhra Pradesh (all seasons) 45 X 15 Cm is also recommended . SEED TREATMENT:- Seed treatment with Thiram (3g/kg) is effective against seed borne diseases. Seeds may be soaked in 0.025% solution of Agrimycin-100 for 30min. prior to seeding will minimize bacterial leaf spot .

26. METHODS OF SOWING:- 1. Broad casting is usually most widely used in all situations. Seed is mixed with sand in equal quantities (or) 3 times to facilitate uniform distribution of yield. * After sowing, seed is covered by shallow ploughing and planting by cultivator and harrowers 2. Line sowing (or) Row seeding is done with seed drills to promote higher yields. * Optimum depth of sowing is 2-3 cm . MANURES $ FERTILIZERS:- N-P-K REQUIREMENT:- Rainfed Irrigated N 40 60 P 60 60 ½ (30-35 DAS) K 40 40 * Application of sulphur @ 50 Kg/ha increases the yield if soils are deficient in sulphur .

27. WEED MANAGEMENT:- Use of Herbicides:- Herbicides use, especially under rainfed conditions, is very limited due to low yield, which may not compensate for the cost of herbicides. If necessary, Alachlor (1.0kg/ha) or Thiobencarb (2.0kg/ha ) can be used as pre emergence spray for effective control of weeds. Use of pre emergence herbicides followed by one hand weeding around 30 DAS is the most appropriate way of weed management in sesame . IRRIGATION:- Water requirement is 300-350mm. For rabi crop 5-6 irrigations are required. 1st irrigation > at sowing 2nd irrigation > 3 WAS 3rd irrigation > 6 WAS 4th irrigation > 8 WAS 5th irrigation > 9 WAS

28. CRITICAL STAGES FOR IRRIGATION:- For rabi / summer sesame, a presowing irrigation is necessary for optimum seed germination and adequate stand establishment. Flower initiation and capsule filling stages are most sensitive to water deficits . SCHEDULING IRRIGATION:- Scheduling irrigations at 50% DASM is adequate. If irrigations are scheduled based on IW/CPE ratio, a ratio of 0.6 is optimum under most situations. Depending on soil type, weather conditions and crop duration, irrigations may be given once in 12 to 15 days. If irrigation water is not a limiting factor, flower initiation, maximum flowering and capsule filling results in optimum seed yield . Depending on the duration, sesame water requirement ranges between 350 and 450mm. The crop is usually irrigated by check basin method of irrigation.

29. HARVESTING:- Depending on the variety, sesame crop takes 80-150 days for maturity. The crop is harvested when the leaves, stems and capsules begin to turn yellow and the lower leaves start shedding. To prevent shedding of seed, the crop should not become dead ripe in the field. The ripe plants are cut at the ground level carried to threshing yard, stacked for a week in the sun with the cut ends upwards.

30. Thank you Submitted to : Dr.S.Neelaveni Associate professor Department of Agricultural extension, Naira Submitted by : CH.Eshwar sai prassad NA-17-014 AB- batch