Orchids.ppt in the most important topic in horti

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2. BOTANY
•Orchidaceae - largest family of angiosperms
•800 genera
•35,000 species
•India – 1300 species ; 140 genera
•More than 80,000 hybrids

3. Distribution
NW Himalayas- 200 species
NE India - 800
Western Ghats- 200
Others - 100
Taxonomy
Sub Kingdom --- Phanerogams
Division --- Angiosperms
Class --- Monocotyledons
Order --- Orchidales
Family --- Orchidaceae (Bentham & Hooker)

4. Classification based on Habitat
(i)Terrestrial (or) Ground Orchids
(ii)Epiphytic Orchids
(iii)Saprophytic Orchids
(iv)Lithophytic Orchids
(v)Subterranean Orchids

5. TERRESTRIAL (OR) GROUND ORCHIDS
* Grow in soil
* Sympodial and perennial
* Example : Spathoglottis plicata
Arundina graminifolia
Phaius tankervilleae
- Contd-

6. Spathoglottis plicata

7. Arundina graminifolia

8. Phaius tankervilleae

9. EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS
* Grow well on other plants
* Abundant in humid tropical rain forests of India.
* Elevation upto 3000m.
* Example: Vanda
Vanilla
Dendrobium
Cymbidium
Cattleya
Oncidium, etc.

10. Vanda rotschildiana
Cymbidium

11. Cattleya
Cattleya labiata

12. Oncidium

13. Vanilla

14. SAPROPHYTIC ORCHIDS
☛ Live on dead and decaying organic matter
☛ Found on the moist forest floors
☛ Example : Neottia, Galeola, Listera etc
Bird's nest Orchid (Neottia nidus-avis )

15. Galeola septentrionalis
Listera ovata

16. LITHOPHYTIC ORCHIDS
* Rare and grown in moist, shaded rocks and crevices of
walls
* Eg: Cymbidium munronianum

17. Diplomeris hirsuta

18. SUBTERRANEAN ORCHIDS
* Underground orchids
* Found in Australia
* Eg: Rhizanthella and Cryptanthemis
Rhizanthella gardneri

19. Export potential of orchids
- Cut flowers
- Potted plants
- Tissue culture orchid plants
- Medicinal orchids
- Vanillin
- Pressed orchids
- Hybrids

20. Global Orchid Production
Production in Asian Countries
Tropical Orchids:
Country Units (Million) % Production
Thailand 31.6 83.0
Singapore 1.7 4.5
Others 4.7 12.5
------- -------
38.0 100.0
------ -------
Temperate Orchids:
Country Units (Million) % Production
Japan 2.0 33.0
Korea 2.0 33.0
Taiwan 1.5 26.0
Others 0.5 8.0
------- -------
6.0 100.0
------ -------

21. Major contributors to the Export trade
India : Rs.10 Crores
Thailand (to Europe & Germany): US $ 40 mln.
Singapore : US $ 8.3 mln.
Europe : US $ 5.3 mln.
Total World Market : US $ 30 bln.
In Japan - Market for potted plants
Cymbidiums : US $ 105 mln.
Phalaenopsis : US $ 103 mln.
Dendrobiums : US $ 53 mln.
Cut Orchid Flowers : US $ 205 mln.

22. Medicinal Uses
Disease Orchids
* Hysteria - Vanda spathulata (Flowers)
* Clot blood in wounds - Cymbidium giganteum (Leaves)
* Dysentery - C. canaliculatum, C.madidum
(Fruits and Pseudobulbs)
* Antidote for poisoning and - Vanda tessellata (Roots)
for rheumatic pains
* Liver upsets - Dendrobium fimbriatum
* Head aches - D.terratifolium

23. Orchids have been used in ayurvedic medicines because over
3000 types of glycosides and alkaloids are produced by orchids.
Orchids Alkaloids
* Loroglossum sp. - Loroglossin glycosides
* Angraceum fragrans - Coumarin glycosides
* Paphiopedilum javanicum- Saponine glycosides
* Vanilla spp. - Vanillin glycosides
* Dendrobium nobile - Dendrobine and Nobilonine
* Liparis bicallosa - Laburnine
* Malaxis congesta - Malaxine
* Phalaenopsis manni- Phalaenopsine

24. Orchid flowers Orchid
Lily

25. Orchid flower

27. p petal,
l labellum or lip,
ls
lateral sepal sometimes
called ventral sepal,
ds dorsal sepal,
t throat,
m mask,
vs
ventral sepal or
synsepalum in
Paphiopedilums,
c column :
st staminode

28. Pollination
Digger wasp – fly orchidEuglossine bee - bucket orchid

29. Designed pollinators
1. 
 
Bees become attracted to the flower of
the Coryanthes orchid.
2. 
  
The bee slips and falls into the ‘bucket’.
Because of the angle and slipperiness
of the interior walls, the bee is forced
to exit through the narrow ‘escape
tunnel’, conveniently aided by a step
and hairs suitably placed near the
surface. As it does so, pollen sacs are
glued to its back by the plant.
3.The bee then visits another flower,
and after the process is repeated
again, the flower has a mechanism for
removing the pollen from its back this
time, completing fertilization.

30. Self pollination - Holcoglossum
amesianum
•Reproductive anatomy
•Open flower before
pollination
•Anther cap opens
•The stipe and the two
pollinia on its tip rise, then
•curve around the rostellum
•The stipe curves up
towards the stigma
•inserts the pollinia into the
stigma cavity.

31. Factors influencing growth and flowering
Genetic factors
•Flowering is mainly a genetic factor.
•Eg. Tropical orchids flower year round
(Withner,
1959) 
Environmental factors
•Same species flower at different times of the year
in different countries or different localities in the
same country
(Goh, 1984)

32. Based on temperature requirements (Bose et al., 1999)

Day (
0
C) Night
Cool orchids 15.5 – 21
0
C 10 – 12.5
0
C
 
Intermediate 18 – 21
0
C 15.5 – 18
0
C
 
Warm orchids 21 – 29
0
C 18 – 21
0
C
 
 
Cool orchids : Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum, Dendrobium
 
Warm orchids : Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium
 
Intermediate : Cattleya, Oncidium

33. •Cymbidium - Highest percentage of plants with visible
flower initials - lower temperature with full ventilation
(Klongart, 1973).
•Paphiopedilum
•Chilling (0-4
0
C) for 30-120 days - new shoot growth
•Maximum growth and flowering - 50 days & 4
0
C (Kim et al.,
1996).
•Mesophyll cell collapse - Phalaenopsis
•Low temperature (night tem < 7
0
C).
•One or some leaves become yellow to tan and then to black
(similar to viral infection finally).
•Cold water applied on mature leaves also causes this disorder.
•Temperature maintenance (15
0
C) and preventing use of cold
water is the remedy (Sheehan, 1980).
Temperature

34. •‘Light gardening’ is important in orchids
 
Arachnis, Cattleya, Dendrobium, Vanda- 2400 to 3600 fc
Paphiopedilium - 1800 to 2400 fc
Phalaenopsis - 1500 fc
Light

35. •Artificial lighting - nightfall to 11.30 pm and 6.30 a.m.
• Phalaenopsis seedlings – best response (Springer, 1962).
•Cattleya responded poorly (Perata, 1981)
•Both fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are used
•Ratio between the two types of bulbs is also important in flowering.
•Combination of red and blue fluorescent bulbs with 5-10% visible radiation
from incandescent bulbs – best results
•Increasing PPF (Photosynthetic photon flux)
•Increased number of florets
•Inflorescence length and diameter
•Higher axillary bud development and flowering rate
• Days to flowering is shortened (Kim et al., 1999)

36. •Mostly day neutral (Holdson and Laurie, 1951)
•Cattleya: Both long day and short day plants
•Eg. C. warneri – LD
C.labiata – SD
•Dark treatment of pseudobulbs - sprouting of
lateral buds and root growth in Cymbidium
cultivars (Zheng and Matsui,1998)
•Hasten clonal multiplication.
•Day length of 16 h - higher flowering rate
Oncidium cv. Gower Ramsey (Lin et al, 1998).
Photoperiod

37. CO
2
•At 20
0
C and PPF 180 µmol m
-2
s
-1
, daily CO
2
­

uptake increased in Phalaenopsis hybrid Higher
night temperature increased respiration rate
and lowered daily CO
2
uptake.
•An increase in CO
2
concentration from 380 to
950 µl/l increased CO
2
uptake.
•CO
2
uptake increased with higher light
intensities (35000 – 58000 lux) in Dontaneopsis
(Kim et al 2001)
(Lootenl, 1998)

38. Humidity
•Prefer high humidity, varying with species.
RH (%)
Phalaenopsis 70 (Quyu, 1959)
Odontoglossum 75 (Richardson, 1988)
Vanda 70-75 (Bose, 1980)
Cattleya, Lalia 40-55 (Bose, 1980)
•Night - not be < 30%
•Day - not above 80% (Mukherjee, 1982)
•Spraying at intervals and mechanical ventilation (Chen,
1999).
•Temperature of oncidium can be reduced to 28
0
C with
ventilation at 1.2 m /s. Spraying of 30 s every 8 minutes
was the most efficient cooling system.

39. Optimum environmental conditions for different orchid genera  
Genera Temp (
0
C) RH (%) Light (fc)
Cattleya 15-18 40-75 2400-3600
Cymbidium 10-21 40-70 Partial shade – Full
sun
Dendrobium 10-21 40-70 2400-3600
Oncidium 15-21 40-70 2400-3600
Paphiopedilum 18-21 65-70 1800-2400
Phalaenopsis 21 40-70 1500
Vanda 15-21 40-70 2400-3600
Sheehan and Sheehan (1979)

40. Propagation
•Division
•Offshoots
•Cuttings
•Air layering
•Micropropagation

41. Division
•Sympodial orchids.
•4-5 years - clump have 8-10 canes and divided to 4-5 individual
units with 2 canes per division (Arora et al, 1975)..
Eg. Dendrobium, Cattleya, Epidendrum, Oncidium etc
•Generally after flowering, when new shoots are heathy, robust
and with a cluster of fresh roots they should be separated with a
clean knife without damaging the roots.
•Treating the pseudobulbs with several chemicals proved
effective in promoting root formation.
•Increase in shoot and root growth of Cymbidium improved was
reported with application of IBA at 100-200 ppm.
(Nagabhusana, 1982).

42. Off-Shoots (Keikis)
Keikis are small off shoots (little plants with root)
developing from the nodes of Dendrobium and
Epidendrem.
Separated and set in small pots with the media
Paphiopedilum – BAP increased keikis
Application of cytokinins like BAP 1g/litre will stimulate
new offshoots in Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis,
Paphiopedilum etc. (Flamee and Boesmaun, 1981)

43. Cutting
•Monopodial orchids - Vanda, Phalaenopsis
•Stems should be cut into sections of 3-4
nodes
•Placed in moist and or sphagnum moss
•Flower stalk cuttings - Phaius, Phalaenopsis
(Mukerjee, 1979).
•Goh (1983) - 100 percent rooting in Ananda
cuttings - NAA (10
-4
µ).

44. •Air layering
•Vanda and some other monopodial orchids
can be propagated by air-layering (Bose,
1980).
• Micropropagation
•Commercial method – cut flowers
•Dendrobium hybrid Sonia 17 – Inflorescnce
segments (Indhumathi et al., 2002)

45. Containers and supports
* Climbing orchids and terrestrial orchids can be generally planted
on the ground
* Epiphytic orchids are grown in some type of container or supports
-Pots
-Wooden baskets,
-Coconut husks
-Tree fern rafts
-Pieces of wood etc.

46. Potting medium
•Orchids thrive well under a wide range of growing media.
• Most common mixture consists
-charcoal,
-coconut husk pieces,
-dried tree fern roots,
-sphagnum moss,
-broken pieces of bricks,
-perlite pieces etc.,
• Mixture can be used either singly or in combination.
• Medium should have good drainage and water retention.
•Micro climate and aeration within the pot will favour the healthy
growth of the plant.

47. POTTING MIXTURE

48. CLAY POT PIECES
STONES
MOSS
BRICK PIECES CHARCOAL

49. Planting

50. Repotting
• Orchids need repotting regularly, usually every two to three years.
• When the plant grows large and overgrows its container.
• When the potting material deteriorates
• When the plant has to be split or divided
• It is better to repot epiphytes every year.
• The best time for repotting - Fresh roots emerge at the bases of the
previous year’s growth.
• In monopodial climbers, repotting or division has to be done when
new leaf growth shows at the top and there is new root growth.

51. Role of growth regulators
•Decapitation induce flowering in Aranda Deborah.
•But spraying IAA (10
-4
µ) inhibited this response.
•Antiauxins and growth retardants - effective in
stimulating flowering.
•High concentration of GA
3
(10
-4
µ) - normal vegetative
shoot apex to reproductive growth (Gok, 1979).
•Application of cytokinins induce flowering in Dendrobium
hybrids.
•BA@ 4000 ppm - flower number (Higulhi and Sakai, 1977).
•Spraying ethrel 1000 – 4000 ppm (1-3 times) hasten
flower induction in Golden shower Oncidium (Widyastati,
1979).
•Application of uniconazole - accelerated flowering by 4-5
days in Cymbidium cv. Mini dream Golden colour. (Kim
et al ., 2000).

52. Watering
•Too much water will encourage fungal and bacterial growth.
•Too little water will stunt the plant
•Type of orchid, pot, potting medium, position of shade house etc
influence watering
Eg. Frequent watering is needed at higher temperature
- 
       
Plastic pots hold water longer than earthen pots
- 
      
Osmunda fibre retain moisture for longer time than tree bark.
Epiphytic orchids cannot tolerate over watering compared to
terrestrial orchids
•Yoneda et al (2000) - top irrigation - better growth and higher ratio
of inflorescence emergence
•pH range of 5.6 – 6.8 is optimum
•Water with soluble salts
•less than 125 ppm – excellent
•125 – 500 ppm – good
• 500-800 - used with caution
(Shechan, 1980).

53. Fertilizer application
•In their natural habitats - no special nutrients
•N,P,K @ 17:17:17 or 20:20:20 dissolved in water @ 1-5g/l
• - twice a week.
•To promote flowering, a higher proportion of P and K at 10:20:20
•Organic fertilizers like cowdung, chicken manure, groundnut cake, neem cake etc. can
be moderately used.
•It must be soaked in water at 1:10 or 1:20 for 2 to 3 days to allow decomposition
of the fertilizer.
•The supernatant solution is used for spraying once / twice a month

54. Nitrogen
•Deficiency of N - yellowing of leaves and stunting (Bose, 1986).
• Over dose of N -d rooting of bulbils and roots in Cattleya (Fast 1970).
• Ratio of NO
3
and NH
4
- 6:1- the flowering quality of Gower Ramsey was best
(Lin et al. 1999).
Phosphorus
•Important in improving flowering (Bose, 1986, Bhatacharjee, 1981)
•Deficiency causes stunting of plants, leaves become dark green. Production
of flower stalk was completely inhibited (Yonedera et al. 1997).
Potassium
• K deficiency - dwarfness with leaf edges scorched and dead (Chin 1966).
• Plants produced few flowers and higher incidence of brown spot disease is
noticed (Chen et al. 1994).

55. • Proper time and method of harvest controls vase life and the
quality
• Harvesting during cool hours is preferred. During high
temperature, harvested causes stress in flowers (Rij, 1979).
• Dendrobium flower fully matured only 3 or 4 days after it opens.
• Dendrobium (from 2
nd
year) : 1.5 / plant - 1
st
year
8 / plant - 4
th
year (Bose, 1996)
• A spike can be cut at last 1or 2 buds are yet to open or 20 per
cent of flowers are in bud condition.
Harvesting and Handling

56. Pest and Diseases
Pests
Armoured scale
Mealy bug
Thrips
Snail
Diseases
Black spot
Heart rot
Petal blight
Anthracnose
Wilt

57. Control measures
Scales:
• Spraying of fish oil rosin soap at 1 kg in 67.5 l of water.
• Green lace wing larvae Chrysoperla carnea feed on the
immature stage of scales. Lady bird beetles
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri and Scymnus sp. are known to attack scale
insects.
Mealy bugs
• Lady bird beetles Cryptolaemus montrouzieni and Scymnus
sp.
are known to feed mealybugs.
• Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l or phosphamidon 85 WSC
@
0.5 ml/l of water.

58. Mites
• The predatory phytoseiid mites, Amblyseius sp. and
Phytoseiulus persimilis will keep the spider mite
population
in check.
• Spray dicofol 18.5 EC or dimethoate 30 EC or methyl

demeton 25 EC @ 2 ml/l of water.

59. Slugs and snails
• Apply 15% metaldehyde dust or 20% metaldehyde liquid.
• Sprinkle 5% metaldehyde pellets around the infested plant.
• If the population is low, collect and destroy

60. Diseases
Bacterial diseases - spray antibiotics
Viral diseases - proper sanitation
Rotting - spray systemic fungicide - Potassium
phosphonate

61. Bulbophyllum sp.

62. Pahiopedilum sp.

63. Stenoglottis sp.

64. Pleione grandiflora var. alba

65. Pleione scopulorum

66. Pleione saxicola

67. Pleione maculata

68. Pleione limprichtii

69. Aerides rosea

70. Thank you