Order hemiptera

order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.

1. ORDER:- HEMIPTERA Course no. AENT – 5121 Course Title – Fundamentals of Entomology II Prepared by, Navneet Mahant Dept. of Agril . Entomology BHARTIYA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PULGAON, DURG (C.G) – 491001 Affiliated to Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya , Raipur (C.G)

2. Hemiptera Etymology :Hemi - half; ptera – wing True bugs, Jassids , Aphids, mealy bugs, whiteflies, plant hoppers etc

3. Hemiptera Agrticultural importance:- They are plant sap feeders but some are predators and ectoparasite . Some act as vectors for variety of pathogens, causing diseases in plant General characters:- They are minute to medium sized, soft bodied elongated oval shaped. Head is opisthognathous or hypognathous. Well developed compound eyes but absent in ectoparasite . Mouthparts are piercing and sucking type. Front wings are modified as hemielytra . Cerci are always absent. Metamorphosis usually gradual; rarely complete. Alimentary canal is suitably modified to handle liquid food (filter chamber)

4. Classification of order hemiptera Hemiptera Homoptera heteroptera Plant hoppers / Tree hoppers / /white fly / Aphid / Jasid True bugs

5. 5 (TRUE BUGS) Long fi l li f o rm Anten n ae with 4 -5 segments. P r o b o s c i s 3 -4 seg m ented, a r is i ng from front of head . Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented. Circi absent. HETEROPTERA

6. PENTATOMIDAE (Stink bugs or Shield bugs) Antenna is five segmented. Scutellum is prominent and shield like. Adults and nymphs produce a disagreeable odour from stink glands located in metathorax and abdomen respectively. Some are phytophagous and some are predaceous. e.g. Green stink bug Nezara viridula is a pest on illets . IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF SUB-ORDER HETEROPTERA

7. COREIDAE (Squash bugs or leaf footed bugs) Minute to medium sized insects . Body oval shaped, elongated with narrow neck. They emit a bad odour . Hind tibia and tarsi are expanded and leaf like. The edge of the abdomen is raised and wings lie in a distinct depression.e.g . Pod bug, Riptortus pedestris nymphs and adults suck the sap from pods of pulses, Rice gundhi bugs etc.

8. CIMICIDAE (Bed bugs) Body is dorsoventrally flattened so that they can hide in cracks and crevices. Body is oval in outline. It is dull reddish brown incolour . They are blood sucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals. They are known for their irritating bite. Example:- Bed bugs

9. PYRRHOCORIDAE (Red bugs or Stainers ) They are elongate oval bugs. They show warning colouration . They are brightly marked with red and black. Membrane is with more branched veins and cells. e.g. Cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus . Feeding injury caused by these bugs leads to the contamination by the fungus Nematospora resulting in yellowish brown discolouration of the lint.

10. LYGAEIDAE (Seed bugs or Chinch bugs) Cuneus is absent in hemelytra. Membrane has a few irregular veins (4-5 veins) arising from a transverse basal vein. e.g. Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis nymphs and adults suck the sap from seeds of injured or already opened bolls and reduce the seed quality.

11. 11 Homoptera Plant hoppers / Tree hoppers / /white fly / Aphid / Jasid Short setaceous antenna. Piercing sucking mouthpart. Membranous or hard throughout of forewings. Circi absent.

12. Family: Delphacidae Plant hoppers This is the largest family among the plant hoppers 1. Most of the species are small with reduced wings 2. The characteristic feature of this family is the presence of large mobile apical spur on hind tibiae 3. Costal cell is absent in the winged forms 4. Alary polymorphism is very common winged, wingless and brachypterous forms occur in the some species. Eg Brown plant hopper of paddy (BPH)- Nilaparvata lugens White backed plant hopper on rice (WBPH) - Sogatella furcifera IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF SUB-ORDER HOMOPTERA

13. CICADELLIDAE (Leaf hoppers or Jassids ) Elongate insects with a wedge shaped body. Attractively coloured . Hind tibiae have a double row of spines. Ovipositor is well suited for lacerating the plant tissue. Nymphs and adults have the habit of running sidewise. They suck the plant sap and transmit diseases. eg . Green leaf hopper Nephotettix virescens transmits tungro disease in rice.

14. LOPHOPIDAE Head is produced into a snout. Hind trochanter is directed backward Hind basitarsus is moderately long. e.g. Sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla nymphs and adults suck the sap and reduce the quality and quantity of cane juice.

15. Family: Aleurodidae 1. These are minute insects 1 to 3 mm in length and resemble tiny moths with opaque body 2. The adults have the wings covered by a fine whitish dust or powdery wax giving white colour 3. Antennae well developed usually 7 segmented 4. Honey dew is excreted in large quantities particularly by larvae through anus 5. Compound eyes well developed and ocelli two in number 6. Immature instars are sessile, scale like, with waxy covering.   e.g. Cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci transmits vein clearing disease in bhendi .

16. APHIDIDAE (Aphids or Plant lice or Greenflies) Body is pear shaped Both apterous and alate forms are found. A pair of cornicles or siphonculi or wax tubes is present in the dorsum of fifth or sixth abdominal segments which secretes wax like substance. They excrete copious amount of honey dew on which ants feed and sooty mould fungus grows. Aphids are known for their extraordinary fecundity, short life cycle and parthenogenitic reproduction. Life cycle is highly complex and it involve alternation of generation. They feed on plant sap and disseminate plant diseases. e.g. Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii .

17. COCCIDAE (Scale insects or Soft scales) Sexual dimorphism is present. Male : They are gnat like, with long antennae, lateral eye and vestigeal mouth parts. Mesothorax is enlarged bearing one pair of wings with on or two veins. Hind wings are reduced to halteres . A quiescent stage is present in the life history. Female : Body segmentation is indistinct. Body wall naked and covered with a waxy coating. They are wingless, legless and suck the plant sap. The first instar nymph is active and is known as crawler which moults and becomes legless. e.g. Coffee green scale Coccus viridis .

18. PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (Mealy bugs) Body is elongate oval in shape. Body segmentation is distinct. Body is covered by long radiating thread of mealy secretion. Functional legs are present in all instars. Wings are absent. e.g. Coconut mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus . Nymphs and adults suck the sap and affect the growth of spindle leaf.

19. Thank you!