ORG RECYCLING COMPOSTING, Vermicomposting.pptx

Organic recycling and composting methods

1. Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic molecules. Organic Waste

2. Food waste Agricultural waste Sludge Seafood processing waste Animal waste Brewery waste Textile mill waste

3. 8- 10% of CH 4 emissions are from organic waste dumped in landfills

4. Organic recycling is the process of converting organic waste materials into compost or other valuable products that can be used to improve soil health, reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Organic recycling

5. Gas energy Liquid energy Organic acids Biodegradable plastics Protein products Bioflocculants Compost Valuable products

6. Composting and recycling organic waste means that there is less waste being sent to landfills, which can help to conserve valuable landfill space and reduce the environmental impacts associated with waste disposal. Landfills are a major source of methane emissions, which contribute to climate change and can also create safety hazards, such as the risk of explosions or fires. By diverting organic waste from landfills and converting it into compost or other products, organic recycling can help to reduce the amount of methane produced by landfills and mitigate their environmental impacts. Reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills

7. Compost is a nutrient- rich soil amendment that is made by combining organic waste materials with other ingredients, such as leaves, straw, or sawdust, and allowing the mixture to decompose over time. Compost can be used to improve the structure and water- holding capacity of the soil, increase nutrient availability, and support healthy plant growth. In addition, composting can help to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can have negative impacts on soil health and the environment. Creating valuable compost that can be used to improve soil health and fertility

8. Another benefit of organic recycling is its ability to create jobs and support local economies. Organic recycling facilities require skilled workers to operate and maintain the equipment used to process organic waste materials. In addition, the products produced by organic recycling facilities, such as compost and other soil amendments, can be sold to farmers, landscapers, and other customers, providing a source of income for local businesses and supporting the development of a circular economy. Supporting local workers

9. Organic recycling can also help to reduce the costs associated with waste management. Landfill disposal is often expensive, as it requires significant infrastructure and ongoing maintenance. By diverting organic waste from landfills and processing it through composting or other organic recycling methods, municipalities and waste management companies can reduce their costs and potentially generate revenue through the sale of compost or other products. Reducing costs

10. In addition to these benefits, organic recycling can also contribute to broader sustainability goals, such as reducing carbon emissions and promoting resource efficiency. By transitioning to a more circular economy that values the reuse and recycling of materials, we can reduce our reliance on finite resources and create a more sustainable future for generations to come. Environment friendly approach

11. Composting is a process by which organic wastes are converted into organic fertilizers by means of biological activity under controlled conditions. Composting

12. Composting It is an important technique for recycling organic (agricultural and industrial) wastes Improve quality and quantity of organic fertilizers. Composting is a self heating, thermophilic and aerobic biological process occurs naturally in heaps of biodegradable wastes Different heterophyllic microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, actinomyctes and protozoa, which derive their energy and carbon requirements from the decomposition of carbonaceous materials are involved in composting Narrowing down of C: N ratio to a satisfactory level (10:1 to 12:1) Total destruction of harmful pathogens

13. Livestock and human wastes Crop residues, tree litter and weeds Green manure Urban and rural wastes Agro industrial by- products Marine wastes Organic substrates for composting

14. Essential requirements of composting Bulky organic refuse : stubbles, cotton stalks, ground nut shell, weeds, leaves, dust bin refuse etc. Starter material: Cattle dung, urine, night soil, sewage, urea, rockphosphate or any other readily available nitrogenous substance and microbial cultures . Water: to keep the moisture content of the material at a level of 50%. Air: especially in initial stages of decomposition .

15. Different methods of aerobic composting Indore Composting NADEP method of composting Vermicomposting

16. NADEP method NADEP method of making compost was invented by a farmer Narayan Deotao Pandharipande(also popularly known as “ Nadep kaka”)living in Maharashtra. This method become quite popular among the farmers in Western India. NADEP method uses a permanently built tank of mud or clay, bricks or cement. ( Composting structure : All the four walls of NADEP tank are provided with vents by removing every alternate brick after the height of 1ft. from bottom for aeration. Walls built like honeycombs through which water is sprayed )

17. Steps for NADEP method of composting. Selection of site- The tank should be located near the cattle shed or farm site. Size of pit- The tank should be 12ft (length) X 5ft (breadth) X 3ft (height) keeping proper spacing for aeration.(proper holes of 6 or 7 inches are left on all the four sides of the tank wall) Materials required a)Brick(1000nos). b)Organic waste/biomass(2000kg). c)Cow dung/biogas slurry(200-500kg). d) Soil of fertile land(700-800kg). e)Cow urine(40-50lt). f)Water(as per needed).

18. 4. Method of preparation Make rectangular brick structure of specific size (12’X5’X3’) keeping proper spacing for aeration(some bricks should be removed from each sides for aeration). Plaster walls on all sides with mud and cow dung. 1 st layer should be of dry biomass (upto 6”)containing weeds and other crop residues. Make slurry of 10- 15kg cow dung with water and 5 litre cow urine . As 2 nd layer apply the cow dung slurry. 3 rd layer spread fertile soil above it and moisten with water. Repeat the process till the heap attains a height of 4- 5 feet. Plaster the heap on the top with soil and cowdung slightly in dome shaped manner. Within 7- 15 days,all the materials in the pit get decomposed and the heap attains a height upto 1- 1.5 feet below the top of the surface.

19. Then again fill the pit by same process and raise height of the heap to the original and plaster from the top with cowdung and soil. Inorder to maintain 15 to 20% moisture, the compost is sprinkled with cow dung and water. This helps in conservation of nutrients After this , the tank is not disturbed for 3 months except that is moistened at intervals of every 6- 15 days. The entire tank is covered with a thatched roof to prevent excessive evaporation of moisture. Under no circumstances should any cracks be allowed to develop. If they do should be promptly filled up with slurry. Compost get prepared within 100- 120 days.

20. This method was developed by A. Howard and Y. D. Wad Materials required: Plant residue Dung Urine soaked earth Wood ash (source of potassium) Water Composting structure: Pit of 2m width, 1m depth and 5m or above length as per requirement Indore method

21. Indore method Advantages Capital expenditure low Process is fast Eco friendly method Disadvantages Requires labour for turning, Not practical if large quantity of material is there Site should be at elevated level, near a cattle shed and water source.

22. Indore method

23. Vermicomposting

24. Vermicompost

25. • • • • • • •

26. • • •

27. Advantages • • • • • • •

28. Earthworms can be multiplied in 1:1 mixture of cowdung and decaying leaves 50 numbers per 10 kg of organic wastes Within 1-2 months it multiplies by 300 times Mass multiplication of earthworms

29. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AEROBIC COMPOSTING Disadvantages Higher capital cost for aeration equipments. Higher operating cost(particularly energy for pumps or aerators). Higher maintenance requirements. Advantages Large reduction of valuable waste. Improves soil’s ability to sequester carbon. Reduce pesticide usage and synthetic fertilizer dependencies.

30. Vermicomposting of household wastes

31. A wooden box of 45 cm x 30 cm x 45 cm or an earthen/plastic container with broad base and drainage holes may be selected.

32. A plastic sheet with small holes may be placed at the bottom of the box / container

33. A layer of soil of 3 cm depth and a layer of coconut fibre of 5 cm depth may be added above it for draining of excess moisture.

34. A thin layer of compost and worms may be added above it. About 250 worms are sufficient for the box.

35. Vegetable wastes of each day can be spread in layer over the coconut husk fibre

36. Top of the box may be covered with a piece of sac to provide dim light inside the box.

37. When the box is full, it can be kept without disturbance for a week.

38. When the compost is ready, the box can be kept outside for 2-3 hours so that the worms come down to the lower fibre layer. Compost from the top, may be removed, dried and sieved.

39. The vermicompost produced has an average nutrient status of 1.8 per cent N, 1.9 per cent P 2 O 5 and 1.6 per cent K 2 O, but composition will vary with the substrate used.

40. It is an extract of compost containing worms. Vermiwash is honey- brown in colour pH - 8.5 N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O content 200, 70 and 1000 ppm Nutient content is greater Vermiwash

41. The vermi wash, either alone or in combination with botanical pesticides can be used for pest management in kitchen gardens When vermicompost is applied as organic manure instead of FYM, the quantity of in- organic fertilizers can be reduced to about half the recommended dose. Recommendation for crops

42. The system consists of a plastic basin having a capacity of 20 litres, a plastic perforated wastepaper basket and a PVC pipe of 5 cm diameter and 30 cm length. Method 1

43. The waste paper basket is covered with a nylon net and placed at the centre of the basin upside down. A hole is made at the bottom of the waste paper basket so that a PVC pipe of 5 cm diameter can be placed into the basin through the hole in such a way that one end of it touches the basin.

44. The PVC pipe is perforated so that the leachate from the basin seeps through the wastepaper basket and collects in the PVC pipe, which can be siphoned out by a kerosene pump.

45. The basin outside the wastepaper basket, is lined with a layer of brick pieces at the bottom and a 2- 3 cm thick layer of coconut fibre of 2- 3 cm placed above it.

46. After moistening this, 2 kg worms (about 2000) are introduced into it and 4 kg kitchen waste is spread over it

47. After one week, the kitchen waste turns into a black well decomposed compost.

48. After one week, the kitchen waste turns into a black well decomposed compost. Two litres of water is sprinkled over the compost containing worms.

49. After 24 hours, the leachate collected in the PVC pipe is removed by siphoning

50. For large scale collection of vermiwash, a cement tank of size 80 cm x 80 cm x 80 cm with a side tap is constructed.

51. A layer of small brick pieces or gravel is placed at the bottom of the tank. Above it a layer of fibre of 3- 4 cm thickness in placed.

52. A definite quantity of biowaste (4 kg) is added to the system along with 2 kg of earthworms. After two weeks, the entire mass of biowaste will turn to brownish black compost.

53. It is sprinkled with 2 litres of water. Vermiwash is collected through the side tap after 24 hours. Biowaste can again be added to the system and the process repeated.

54. Method 2 This is a simple and economical technique to collect vermiwash. The system consists of an earthen pot of 10 kg capacity with a hole at the bottom, which is filled with pieces of stone up to a height of 10 cm from the bottom.

55. A plastic net is spread over this. Then a thick layer of coir fibre along with humus containing 1500- 2000 worms of Eudrillus euginae or Isenia foetidae is added to the pot

56. The hole situated at the bottom of the pot is fixed with a water tap through which vermiwash is collected. The kitchen waste of each day is added to the container. The composting process is allowed to continue for a week or more till brownish black mass of compost is obtained. Occasionally, two or three tablespoons of fresh cowdung slurry is poured on the humus as feed for the worms. After the formation of compost, the entire mass is soaked with two litres of water. After 24 hours, about 1.5 litre of vermiwash can be collected.

57. This process can be continued for one or two weeks till the brown colour of wash disappears. The less enriched compost that remains in the pot can be collected and used as fertilizer. Later, the pot can be emptied and set up again to continue the process.

58. Benefits of vermicompost When added to clay soil, loosens the soil and provides the passage for the entry of air. The mucus associated with it being hygroscopic, absorbs water and prevents water logging and improves water holding capacity. In the vermicompost, some of the secretions of worms and the associated microbes act as growth promoter along with other nutrients. It improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil in the long run on repeated application The organic carbon in vermicompost releases the nutrients slowly and steadily into the system and enables the plant to absorb these nutrients. The multifarious effects of vermicompost influence the growth and yield of crops. Earthworm can minimize the pollution hazards caused by organic waste by enhancing waste degradation.

59. Coirpith composting

60. Coirpith, is produced in large quantities as waste material of the coir industry. Every year, approximately 2.5 lakh tonnes of coirpith accumulate in Kerala as waste.

61. Coirpith has wide C:N ratio and its lignin rich nature does not permit natural composting process as in other agricultural wastes

62. Mushrooms belonging to the genus Pleurotus have the capacity to degrade part of the cellulose and lignin present in coirpith by production of enzymes such as, cellulases and lactases, bringing down the C:N ratio as well as lignin content

63. Materials required: Coirpith 1 tonne Urea 5 kg Mushroom ( Pleurotus ) spawn 1.5 kg.

64. A shaded place of 5 m x 3 m dimension may be selected and levelled after removing weeds.

65. 100 kg coirpith may be spread uniformly.

66. Spread 300 g (one bottle or cover) of Pleurotus spawn on this and cover with a second layer of 100 kg coirpith.

67. On the surface of the second layer, spread 1 kg urea uniformly.

68. Repeat this sandwiching process of one layer of coirpith with spawn followed by another layer of coirpith with urea up to 1 m height.

69. Sprinkle water if necessary to keep the heap moist. Allow the heap to decompose for one month

70. The coirpith is converted into good manure after 30- 40 days and the lignin content is reduced from 30 per cent to 40 per cent. Another significant change is the lowering down of C: N ratio from 112:1 to 24:1.

71. This coirpith compost contains macro nutrients as well as micronutrients. It has the unique property of absorbing and retaining moisture to about 500- 600 per cent. It improves the water infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of soil.

72. Anaerobic composting

73. In this decomposition occurs in the absence of oxygen or under the limited supply of oxygen , Anaerobic microorganisms dominate. They produce the intermediate compounds like methane, organic acids, hydrogen sulphide and other substances. It is a low temperature process.

74. Anaerobic microbiology The anaerobic microbiology mainly involves three group of microorganisms. They are Methanobacterium Methanococcus Methanospirillum

75. Banglore method This method of composting was developed at Bangalore by Acharya in 1939. This method is suitable in areas with scanty rainfall. Time involved in production of finished compost is much longer. The composting is done in trenches and the material is not turned.

76. Trenches or pits of 1m depth, convenient length and breadth are dug. Organic residues and dung and urine soaked mud are put in alternate layers. These layers are repeated in order at least 1.5- 2m above ground level. It is left exposed without covering for 15days. Then it is plastered with earth or mud of 1cm thick, It takes about 6- 8 months to get finished product. It is the bulkiest compost.

77. BANGLORE METHOD MERITS Turning not required Simple and easy to manipulate. Efficient use of moisture High manure recovery Pathogen and weed free manure DEMERITS Long duration Low nutrient recovery

78. Enrichment of compost with microbial inoculants. Compost prepared by traditional method is usually low in nutrients and there is need to improved its quality. Enrichment of compost using low cost nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing microbes is one of the possible way of improving nutrient status of the soil. It could be achieved by introducing microbial inoculants, which are more efficient than the native strains associated with substrate materials. Both the nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing microbes are more exacting in their physiological and ecological requirements. The only alternative is to enhance their inoculum potential in the composting mass.

79. Aerobic composting using microbial consortium

80. MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM Liquid formulation Thumuburmuzhi Composting Coirpith based formulation Kau smart biobin Bacillus subtilis BaBc- 1 Trichoderma asperellum (KAU isolate) Bacillus sp. BaOu- 1

81. Recommended for large scale composting Done in ferro-cement tanks THUMUBURMUZHI COMPOSTING

82. The panels placed with a gap of 4 cm The tanks are placed in a well ventilated space with protection from rain

83. Deposit dry leaves at a thickness of 6 inches at the bottom of the tank

84. Dilute the composting tonic by adding 4 times the volume of water

85. 50 ml composting tonic in 200 ml water

86. Spray this on dry leaves

87. Above this 6 inch thickness of bio solid waste can be placed which can include food waste, market waste etc

88. Waste should be placed in the middle of the tank inorder to prevent spilling and exposure It can also prevent the entry of flies into the compost Liquid waste should not used and the optimum moisture for composting is 40-50 percent

89. Above this another 6 inch thick layer of dry leaves are placed

90. Apply another 250 ml of composting inoculum

91. The process is repeated until the tank is filled The waste is converted into compost after 90 days

92. The decomposed product is taken out sieved and can be directly used as compost

93. The quality of the compost obtained should be tested for nutrient status, heavy metals and pathogens

94. It is composting unit for aerobic composting of food waste, kitchen waste and fruits and vegetables waste produced by households on daily basis KAU Smart Biobin

95. The biobin consist of two consecutive rings and a bottom tray for collection of compost

96. The outer ring is made of stainless steel (coin mesh) and the inner ring is made of GI mesh

97. The space between the inner and outer ring is filled with dry leaves

98. Uses of dry leaves Prevents rodents and other insects from entering inner chamber which contains the biowaste Provides aeration Absorbs excess water released during decomposition

99. At the bottom of inner bin a circular piece of newspaper or 0.5 inch of crushes dry leaves is placed to prevent the waste from falling directly into the collection tray

100. Above the newspaper a layer of biodegradable solid waste is spread evenly

101. Apply a layer of 3 to 4 handfuls of coirpith based inoculum above the waste

102. Repeat the process

103. The process of composting begins in about 45 days

104. Waste can be collected in the tray with is placed at the bottom

105. Developed in College of Agriculture, Vellayani Composting inoculum

106. Close the drainage hole of the pot Fill the bottom layer with coirpith

107. Add the biowaste

108. Add the composting inoculum

109. For 1 kg of waste apply 10g of the inoculum

110. Repeat the process

111. When the pot is filled cover it with a heavy tile or any other material The compost will be ready in 40- 45 days

112. The process of converting organic waste materials into compost or other valuable products that can be used to improve soil health, reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions a) recycling b) Organic recycling c) Susutainable waste management d) None of these

113. The process of converting organic waste materials into compost or other valuable products that can be used to improve soil health, reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions a) recycling b) Organic recycling c) Susutainable waste management d) None of these

114. The gas formed during anaerobic decomposition of organic matter Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide CFC

115. The gas formed during anaerobic decomposition of organic matter Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide CFC

116. Which of the following are aerobic methods of composting NADEP method Vermicomposting Indore method All of these

117. Which of the following are aerobic methods of composting NADEP method Vermicomposting Indore method All of these

118. The most common earthworm species used for composting in kerala a) Eudrillus euginea b) Perionix excavatus c) Both d) None

119. The most common earthworm species used for composting in kerala a) Eudrillus euginea b) Perionix excavatus c) Both d) None

120. The coconut husk in vermicomposting is laid concave side up It is to ensure the drainage 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

121. The coconut husk in vermicomposting is laid concave side up It is to ensure the drainage 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

122. Eudrillus euginea are called African night crawlers They are surface dwellers 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

123. Eudrillus euginea are called African night crawlers They are surface dwellers 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

124. The moisture of vermicompost is maintained at 40- 50% 50- 60% Both are correct None of these

125. The moisture of vermicompost is maintained at 40- 50% 50- 60% Both are correct None of these

126. Time taken for vermicomposting 60- 75 days 50- 60 days 40- 55 days 45- 50 days

127. Time taken for vermicomposting 60- 75 days 50- 60 days 40- 55 days 45- 50 days

128. Vermiwash is honey brown in colour The pH of vermiwash is acidic 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

129. Vermiwash is honey brown in colour The pH of vermiwash is acidic( 8.5- so basic) 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

130. Earthworms can be multiplied in 1:1 mixture of cowdung and decaying leaves Within 1 -2 months it multiplies by 200 times 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

131. Earthworms can be multiplied in 1:1 mixture of cowdung and decaying leaves Within 1 -2 months it multiplies by 200 times 300 times 1 and 2 are correct Only 1 is correct Only 2 is correct 1 and 2 are wrong

132. Which of the following is not an organic waste Sludge Agricultural waste Food waste None of these

133. Which of the following is not an organic waste Sludge Agricultural waste Food waste None of these

134. The NPK content of vermiwash a) 200:70:1000 ppm b) 20:70: 100 ppm c) 200:70: 100 ppm d) 200:700:1000 ppm

135. The NPK content of vermiwash a) 200:70:1000 ppm b) 20:70: 100 ppm c) 200:70: 100 ppm d) 200:700:1000 ppm

136. Coirpith has wide C:N ratio as it is rich in a) Cellulose b) Lignin c) Sclerotin d) Chytin

137. Coirpith has wide C:N ratio as it is rich in a) Cellulose b) Lignin c) Sclerotin d) Chytin

138. The change in C:N ratio after coirpith composting a) 112:1 to 24:1 b) 100:1 to 25:1 c) 113:1 to 20:1 d) None of these

139. The change in C:N ratio after coirpith composting a) 112:1 to 24:1 b) 100:1 to 25:1 c) 113:1 to 20:1 d) None of these

140. Which of the following is anaerobic method of composting a) Indore method b) Coirpith composting c) Banglore method d) None of these

141. Which of the following is anaerobic method of composting a) Indore method b) Coirpith composting c) Banglore method d) None of these

142. Which of the following mushroom species is used for coirpith composting a) Pleurotus b) Agaricus c) Volvariella d) Oyster

143. Which of the following mushroom species is used for coirpith composting a) Pleurotus b) Agaricus c) Volvariella d) Oyster

144. The fertilizer involved in coirpith composting a) Urea b) MOP c) Rock phosphate d) None of these

145. The fertilizer involved in coirpith composting a) Urea b) MOP c) Rock phosphate d) None of these

146. What are the advantages of vermicompost When added to clay soil, loosens the soil and provides the passage for the entry of air. The mucus associated with it being hygroscopic, absorbs water and prevents water logging and improves water holding capacity. In the vermicompost , some of the secretions of worms and the associated microbes act as growth promoter along with other nutrients. All of these

147. What are the advantages of vermicompost When added to clay soil, loosens the soil and provides the passage for the entry of air. The mucus associated with it being hygroscopic, absorbs water and prevents water logging and improves water holding capacity. In the vermicompost , some of the secretions of worms and the associated microbes act as growth promoter along with other nutrients. All of these

148. Time taken for coirpith composting a) 1 month b) 2 months c) 3 months d) None of these

149. Time taken for coirpith composting a) 1 month b) 2 months c) 3 months d) None of these

150. pH of vermiwash a) 8.5 b) 9.5 c) 10 d) None of these

151. a) 8.5 b) 9.5 c) 10 d) None of these pH of vermiwash

152. Vermiwash is alkaline in pH It has insecticidal properties a) 1 and 2 correct b) 1 is wrong c) 1 and 2 are wrong d) 2 is correct

153. Vermiwash is alkaline in pH It has insecticidal properties a) 1 and 2 correct b) 1 is wrong c) 1 and 2 are wrong d) 2 is correct

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