Organic farming

organic farming in india and problems

1. WEL COME

2. SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY: Dr. N. N.GUDADHE JOSHI JIGARKUMAR R. Asst. Professor 2 nd Sem. M.sc.(Agri.) Dept. of Agronomy Reg.No-2010114038 N.M.C.A., N.A.U. Dept. of Agronomy NAVSARI – 396 450 N.M.C.A., N.A.U. NAVSARI- 396 450 ORGANIC FARMING

3. ORGANIC FARMING organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste . (USDA, 1980) “It is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances health of agro-ecosystem, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity”. (FAO, 2002)

4. Religious Documentation of Organic farming Oldest practice 10000 years old, dating back to Neolithic age, practiced by ancient civilization like Mesopotamia, Hwang Ho basin etc. Ramayana (All dead things – rotting corpse or stinking garbage returned to earth are transformed into wholesome things that nourish life. Such is the alchemy of mother earth – as interpreted by C. Rajagopalachari). Mahabharata (5500 BC) Mention of Kamadhenu , the celestial cow and its role on human life and soil fertility. Kauthilya Arthashastra (300 BC) Mentioned several manures like oil cake, excreta, excreta of animals. Brihad-sanhita (by Varahmihir) Described how to choose manures for different crops and the methods of manuring. Rig Veda (2500-1500 BC) Mention of organic manure in Rig Veda 1, 161, 10, 2500-1500 BC, is Green Manure in Atharva Veda 11 8.3, (1000 BC). In Sukra (IV, V, 94, 107-112) it is stated that to cause healthy growth the plant should be nourished by dungs of goat, sheep, cow, water as well as meat. A reference of manure is also made in Vrksayurveda by surpala (manuscript, oxford, No 324 B, Six, 107-164) Holy Quran (590 AD) At least one third of what you take out from soils must be returned to it implying recycling or post-harvest residue.

5. Table: Land area of major countries under organic agriculture (FIBL & IFOAM 2013) S.No Name of the Country Area under organic (ha) Share % of total agricultural area PRODUSER 1. Australia 17151000 4.19 1707 2. Argentina 3191255 2.27 1018 3. USA 2178471 0.64 12880 4. China 2094000 0.94 - 5. SPAIN 1610129 6.47 30502 6. Italy 1317177 10.29 45969 7. France 1060756 3.86 25467 8. Germany 1060669 6.35 23271 9. Uruguay 930965 6.29 630 10. Canada 869239 1.29 3513 11. Brazil 705233 0.27 12526 12. Poland 661956 4.28 25944 13. UK 567751 3.30 3918 14. Austraia 526689 19.46 21810 15. India 510000 0.28 650000 WORLD 43,091,133 0.98 1998592

6. Table: TOP TEN STATE AREA UNDER ORGANIC FARMING FOR THE YEAR 2010-11 Sir . No State Name Certified cultivated organic area (ha) 1. Madhya Pradesh 270955 2. Maharashtra 124547 3. Rajasthan 57566 4. Gujarat 42267 5. Uttar Pradesh 17212 6. Orissa 16883 7. Goa 13044 8. UTTARAKHAND 9513 9. Karnataka 9128 10. Andhra Pradesh 6070 Total India 600000 Source: APEDA

7. Organic cultivation not new in India The term organic farming was first used by lord northbourne in the book of look of the land Organic agriculture in India started long back 1900 by Sir Albert Howard a British agronomist, in local village of the north India . Organic farming first coined by north Bourne in 1946. The state of Sikkim and Uttaranchal declared organic state. Race less use of this chemical material not alert the ecosystem but it claim with death to many lives every year due to their hazardous nature. Organic farming in India

8. WHAT SHOULD BE OUR APPROACH ? Keeping in view of food security it is not possible to go as such for organic farming in intensive cultivated areas hence there is need: b) On the other hand, bringing the areas, where fertilizer consumption is very low, under organic farming The organic agriculture, therefore, could be advocated only to certain areas and for selected crops showing promise for organic agriculture. The rain-fed agro-eco-zones, tribal areas, northeast and hilly regions of the country and farms where diversified agriculture is being practiced on commercial scale are the potential areas for organic farming. a) To increase the food production in these areas by site specific input management on one hand

9. Conventional Farming Organic Farming It is based on economical orientation. Supplementing nutrients through chemical fertilizers Weed control by herbicide Pest control by pesticide Livestock rarely combined   Low input: output ratio with pollution Using up soil fertility often resulting in erosion and soil loss It is based on ecological orientation. Cycle of nutrients within the farms; predominantly farm produced materials Weed control by crop rotation and cultural practices Pest control based on non-polluting substances Livestock for production and health Optimum input: output ratio with No pollution Maximum conservation of soils, water quality and wild life Difference between conventional farming and organic farming

10. Why organic farming is necessary? Sustainable and eco-friendly technology. It improves quality, shelf and nutritive value of the farm produce. It encourages sustainable livelihood of the producers as well as safeguards consumers health. It improves the physical, chemical and biological health of the soil. Promotes healthy use of the natural resources and minimizes all forms of the pollution. It enhances and sustains biological diversity within the system.

11. Key characteristics of organic farming Relies primarily on local, renewable resources. Makes efficient use of solar energy and the production potential of biological systems. Maintains the fertility of the soil. Maximizes recycling of plant nutrients and organic matter. Does not use organisms or substances foreign to nature. Maintains diversity in the production system as well as the agricultural landscape. Gives farm animal’s life conditions that correspond to their ecological role and allow them a natural behavior. Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats .

12. Principles of organic farming

13. 1. Principle of health Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible . Healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. 2. Principle of ecology Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. Four principles

14. 3. Principle of fairness Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings 4. Principle of care Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment. This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture.

15. Pure organic farming : It includes use of organic manures and biopesticides with complete avoidance of inorganic chemicals and pesticides. Integrated Farming : It involves Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Integrated Farming Systems : In this type, local resources are effectively recycled by involving other components such as poultry, fish pond, mushroom, goat rearing etc. apart from crop components. It is a low input organic farming. Types of organic farming

16. Objectives of Organic Farming Produce food with higher nutritional quality Work with natural system Maintain and increase soil fertility Use renewable resources as far as possible Wider social and ecological impact of farming system Allow satisfaction to agricultural producer Avoid Pollution Objective of organic f arming (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

17. Benefits of organic farming Increase long-term fertility of the soil. It helps in maintaining environment health by reducing the level of pollution. It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the level of residues in the product. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and makes it sustainable. It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves the soil health. It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short-term benefit and helps in conserving them for future generation. It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also reduces risk of crop failure.

18. Basic Steps of Organic Farming Organic farming approach involves following five principles: 1. Conversion of land from conventional management to organic management 2. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure biodiversity and sustainability of the system 3. Crop production with the use of alternative sources of nutrients such as crop rotation, residue management, organic manures and biological inputs. 4. Management of weeds and pests by better management practices, physical and cultural means and by biological control system 5. Maintenance of live stock in tandem with organic concept and make them an integral part of the entire system

19. Limitations of organic farming in India Small land holding Poor infrastructure facilities Lack of technology knowledge Convert organic farm Neighbouring farmer well co-operate Organic material such as animal dung and other crop waste used for fuel purpose Organic material are bulky in nature very difficult store and high price City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and needles. Bio control agent are available only few selected insect pest. Complicated organic certification process and high fees cost Higher human population of India.

20. Components of organic farming

21. Weed management 1. Preventive methods Weed free crop seed Weed free manure Clean harvesting and ploughing equipment. 2. Cultural method Smother crop Cover crop Crop rotation Optimum plant density and line sowing Drip irrigation

22. 3. Mechanical method Tillage Stale seed bed Hand weeding Hoeing Moving Mulching Burning Soil solrization Allelopathy ex : marigold :congress grass

23. Biological control Insect Weed control Crocidosema lantana busck moth Lantana camara Cochineal scale Pricklypear Fleabeetle larva Alligatorweed Neochetina burchii Waterhyacinth Mexican gall fly Congress grass Product Content Weed control De-Vine Phytophrhora plamivora Milk weed vine Collego Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes Joint vetch Bipolaris Bipolaris sorghicola Johnsongrass Biolophos Streptomyces hygroscopicus General vegetation Mycoherbicides

24. Pest management 1. Physical method Mechanical control Light trap Pheromone trap Nylon net 2. Cultural method Field and plant sanitation Crop rotation Trap cropping Ex : cabbage: mustard= diamondback moth Water management Adjusting time of sowing

25. Multiple effects of duck-azolla-rice farming system Duck in Rice field (China) Duck in Rice field (China)

26. Fertilizer management 1. Bulky organic manures FYM Compost Biogas slurry Night soil Sheep and goat manure Poultry manure Green manure vermicompost

27. Fertilizer management 2. Concentrated organic manure Oil cakes Fish meal Meat meal Blood meal Horn and hoof meal Bird guano Row bone meal

28. Bio-fertilizer Sr. No. Group example N2 Fixing Bio fertilizer 1. Free-living Azotobacter , Beijerinka , Clostridium, Anabanea 2. Symbiotic Rhizobium, Azolla , Frankia 3. Associtave symbiotic Azospirrlum P Solubilising Bio fertilizer 1. Bacteria Bacillus sp, pseudomonus sp 2. Fungai Penicillum sp, Aspergillus awamori P Mobilizing Bio fertilizer 1. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Gloumus sp, Gigaspora sp, 2. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp, Amanita sp. 3. Ericoid mycorrhizae Pezizella ericae 4. Orchid mycorrhizae Rhizoctonia solani .

29. Seed treatment technique popular amongst farmer in organic farming With cow urine cow urine + water (1:10) soak the seed in solution for 15 minutes dry the seed in shade and sowing. If better germination and prevent seed borne disease b) with cow milk Cow milk + water (1:5) Soak the seed in solution for 30 minutes Dry the seed in shade and sowing. It prevent yellowing of leaves and leaf spot diseases

30. C) With wood ash Wood ash + water (10 gram + one litter) Dip vegetable seed in solution for 15-30 minutes Dry in shade and sow immediately It prevent seedling root D) Hot water treatment Boil water till it reaches 55 c. Soak the seed for 15 – 30 minutes. Dry seed first in shade and after in sun and stored in insect proof container. It control pathogens which develop seeds when they are stored for a long time period.

31. JIVAMRUT

32. COW URINE COW DUNG SOIL LIME WATER BIJAMRUT

33. AGNIHOTRA

34. international organic standards 1. IFOAM: Established in 1972 Headquarter in Germany Umbrella organization for organic Agriculture Association Developed international basic standards of organic agriculture Established IFOAM accreditation programme (1992) to accredit certifying bodies Set up International Organic Accreditation Service (IOAS) in July 2001 2. CODEX: Codex Alimentarious Commission – a joint FAO/WHO Intergovernment body Established in 1962 Produced a set of guidelines for organic production 3. EU regulation Laid out a basic regulation for European Union’s organic standards in Council regulation No. 2092/91 (June 1991) Regulations give guidelines for the production of organic crops in the European Community. 4. Demeter Demeter International is a world wide net work of 19 International certification bodies in Africa, Australia, Europe Developed guideline for biodynamic preparation. 5. JAS A set of guidelines Japan Agricultural Standards for organic production

35. List of accredited certifying and inspection agencies in India Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF) Bangalore Indian Society for Certification of organic production (ISCOP)- Tamil Nadu Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)- Cochin, Kerala Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency- Bangalore IMO Control Pvt. Ltd.- Bangalore Ecocert International - Aurangabad Bioinspectra - Cochin, Kerala SGS India Pvt Ltd- Gurgaon International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)- Mumbai National Organic Certification Association (NOCA )- Pune

36. Government support to promote organic Farming THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE IS PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMING IN THE COUNTRY UNDER THE FOLLOWING SCHEMES: National Project on Organic Farming (project implemented since October 2004) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna National Centre on Organic Farming: Ghaziabad Regional centers : (1) Bangalore (4) Imphal (2) Bhubaneswar (5) Jabalpur (3) Hissar (6) Nagpur

37. Review of research work

38. Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%) FYM Control 29.5 46.1 37.2 FYM 10 t/ha 37.4 50.0 40.3 CD (P=0.05) 2.1 3.1 1.2 Bio-fertilizer control 30.2 47.3 37.1 Azospirillum 34.3 49.5 38.7 Azotobacter 33.5 49.6 38.0 Azospirillum +Azotobacter 35.5 51.6 39.2 CD (P=0.05) 2.6 3.5 2.0 Table 1:Effect of FYM and bio-fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat. Sushila and Giri (2000) IARI, New Delhi

39. Table 2:Effect of different sources of nitrogen on growth and yield of groundnut Treatments Plant height (cm) No. of branches/plant No. of leaves/plant Pod yield (q/ha) control 11.96 8.20 43.26 13.84 urea 14.03 11.56 50.83 23.91 FYM 12.63 8.80 47.06 21.27 compost 12.23 8.50 44.26 15.37 vermicompost 12.56 8.60 46.83 18.95 50%from urea +50% from FYM 15.50 11.90 53.33 24.06 50%from urea +50%from compost 12.73 8.86 47.93 22.19 50%from urea +50% from vermicompost 13.76 9.40 49.16 23.05 CD at 5% 0.84 0.92 3.05 5.05 Sabale (2002) College of Agriculture, Pune

40. Table 3:Residual effect of summer green manuring crops on productivity of wheat crop Treatment Plant height (cm ) Grain yield (t / ha ) Straw yield (t / ha) Harvesting index ( %) Control 80.2 3.89 4.69 45.2 Dhaincha 86.3 4.51 5.16 46.6 Sunhemp 84.4 4.32 5.04 46.1 Cow pea 82.6 4.10 4.88 45.6 SEm (±) 0.57 0.014 0.020 0.03 CD (P = 0.05 ) 1.98 0.048 0.070 0.10 Singh & Singh (2013) IARI, New Delhi

41. Table 4:Effect of FYM and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of rice. FYM (t/ha) Treatment Plant height (cm) LAI Dry matter accumulation(g/m 3 ) Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) 81.3 3.13 821 3.28 4.87 10 84.3 3.93 987 4.24 6.36 20 88.4 4.11 1161 4.99 7.47 SEm (±) 0.70 0.04 2.84 0.06 0.08 CD (P=0.05) 2.09 0.12 8.51 0.19 0.23 Fertilizer (Recommended does of fertilizer) 0 % RDF 81.3 3.10 813 3.34 5.01 50 % RDF 85.3 3.72 1008 4.32 6.41 100 % RDF 87.5 4.35 1148 4.86 7.29 SEm (±) 0.70 0.04 2.84 0.06 0.08 CD (P=0.05) 2.09 0.12 8.51 0.19 0.23 Gautum et al . (2013) CSKHPKV, palampur (H.P)

42. Table 5:Effect of different bio-fertilizer and phosphorus levels on yield of soybean Treatment Seed yield (t/ha) Biological yield (t/ha) Harvesting index (%) control 1.10 3.75 29.33 PSB + VAM 1.21 4.14 29.22 50% P as RP 1.23 4.08 30.14 50%P as RP+PSB+VAM 1.50 4.64 32.32 50%P as DAP 1.38 4.40 31.36 50%Pp as DAP+PSB+VAM 1.51 4.74 31.85 100% P as RP 1.40 4.62 30.30 100%P as RP+PSB+VAM 1.56 4.42 35.29 100%P as DAP 1.49 4.47 33.33 100%P as DAP+PSB+VAM 1.55 4.56 34.00 SEm (±) 0.02 0.08 0.41 CD (P=0.05) 0.06 NS 1.18 Munda et al. (2013) IARI, New Delhi

43. Conclusions From the foregoing discussion, it can be inferred that organic farming appears to be a sustainable, economic and eco-friendly, since there is no risk of residual toxicity. It improves soil fertility and yielded quality production.An addition of compost prepared from farm wastes i.e. FYM, Neem-cake, biogas slurry, vermi-compost etc.helps maintain organic matter in soil.

44. FEEDING THE SOIL RATHER THAN FEEDING THE PLANT