Organic Fuels: Bikaner Technical University
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Dec 23, 2020
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About This Presentation
Chemistry of Fuels, Proximate and ultimate analysis, Bomb Calorimeter, Otto-Hoffaman method, Synthetic petrol, Octane number, Cetane number, Antiknocking, Coal gas, Oil gas, Junkers Calorimeter, Dulongs Formula and Numerical Problems
Slide Content
Unit-2: Organic Fuels
Fuel is a combustible substance which on burning is capable
of releasing large amount of heat.
In chemistry, fuel is a material that contains carbon and
hydrogen and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur
and oxygen.
Organic Fuels: Definition
of releasing large amount of heat.
In chemistry, fuel is a material that contains carbon and
hydrogen and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur
and oxygen.
Organic Fuels: Definition
Solid Fuels: Definition
Solid fuelrefers to various forms ofsolidmaterial that can be
burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the
process ofcombustion.
Examples of Solid Fuels:
Solid fuelrefers to various forms ofsolidmaterial that can be
burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the
process ofcombustion.
Examples of Solid Fuels:
It is highly carbonaceous matter &
is mainly composed of H, O, N, C.
Classification of coal: Anthracite,
Lignite, Bituminous and Peat.
When coal is heated in absence of
air, the porous, hard and strong
residue left is called
“Coke”.
is mainly composed of H, O, N, C.
Classification of coal: Anthracite,
Lignite, Bituminous and Peat.
When coal is heated in absence of
air, the porous, hard and strong
residue left is called
“Coke”.
Carbonization Process
Heat
Absence of Air
X
Heat
Absence of Air
X
Coal Coke
It burnswith long flameIt burnswith short flame
Sulfuris presentSulfur is not present
Less strongMore strong
Less porosityMore porous
It burnswith long flameIt burnswith short flame
Sulfuris presentSulfur is not present
Less strongMore strong
Less porosityMore porous
Classification of Coal
Coal Mining and Coal Workers
Coal Transportation
In order to get good quality of fuel its analysis is required.
The quality of fuel is analyzed by two methods.
The quality of fuel is analyzed by two methods.
KOH Tube
CaCl
2Tube
CaCl
2Tube
Nitrogen Determination by Kjeldahl Method
The Kjeldahl procedure involves three major steps:
The Kjeldahl procedure involves three major steps:
1. Digestion
Coal
Ammonium Sulfate
Coal
Ammonium Sulfate
2. Distillation
During the distillation step the ammonium ions
(NH
4
+
) are converted into ammonia (NH
3) by
adding alkali (NaOH).
During the distillation step the ammonium ions
(NH
4
+
) are converted into ammonia (NH
3) by
adding alkali (NaOH).
3. Titration
When using sulfuric acid standard solution as absorbing solution,
the residual sulfuric acid (the excess not reacted with NH
3)
is titrated with sodium hydroxide standard solution and by
difference the amount of ammonia is calculated.
When using sulfuric acid standard solution as absorbing solution,
the residual sulfuric acid (the excess not reacted with NH
3)
is titrated with sodium hydroxide standard solution and by
difference the amount of ammonia is calculated.
Nitrogen Determination by Kjeldahl Method
Phenolphthalein indicator
Determination of percent sulfur (% S) in Coal
4
Determination of percent oxygen (% O) in Coal
Determination of percent oxygen (% O) in Coal
What is the significance of ultimate analysis of coal?
Ultimateanalysisprovidesaconvenientmethodforreportingthemajororganic
elementalcompositionofcoal.Forthisanalysis,acoalsampleiscombustedinan
ultimateanalyzer,whichmeasurestheweightpercentofcarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,
andsulfurfromacoalsample.
Ultimateanalysisprovidesaconvenientmethodforreportingthemajororganic
elementalcompositionofcoal.Forthisanalysis,acoalsampleiscombustedinan
ultimateanalyzer,whichmeasurestheweightpercentofcarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,
andsulfurfromacoalsample.
Unit-2: Organic Fuels
Gross Calorific Value and Net Calorific Value
GCV NCV
lower heating value(LHV)
lower calorific value(LCV)Higher calorific value(HCV)
Higher heating value(HHV)
GCV is the amount of heat released by
the complete combustion of a unit
amount of fuel.
NCV = GCV -heat of vaporization of
the water vapour
GCV NCV
lower heating value(LHV)
lower calorific value(LCV)Higher calorific value(HCV)
Higher heating value(HHV)
GCV is the amount of heat released by
the complete combustion of a unit
amount of fuel.
NCV = GCV -heat of vaporization of
the water vapour
What isMetallurgical Coke?
Metallurgicalcokeismadefromlowash,lowsulfurbituminouscoal,with
specialcokingproperties,whichisinsertedintoovensandheatedto1000
0
F.
Metallurgicalcokeorcokingcokeisusedintheprocessofcreatingcokenecessary
forironandsteel-making.
Metallurgicalcokeismadefromlowash,lowsulfurbituminouscoal,with
specialcokingproperties,whichisinsertedintoovensandheatedto1000
0
F.
Metallurgicalcokeorcokingcokeisusedintheprocessofcreatingcokenecessary
forironandsteel-making.
➢Modern Process developed by Otto-Hoffman
➢More Better than Beehive Process
➢Less time is required for carbonization
➢Valuable By-products are easily obtained in this process
➢This oven works on “heat economy” and thermal efficiency is increased.
➢Regenerative principle of heat economy is used in this method
➢More Better than Beehive Process
➢Less time is required for carbonization
➢Valuable By-products are easily obtained in this process
➢This oven works on “heat economy” and thermal efficiency is increased.
➢Regenerative principle of heat economy is used in this method
Mining of Petroleum
Indiaproduced35.68MTsofcrudepetroleumin2017–18.Indiaaccountedfor0.92%
ofworldoilproductionin2016–18.Theproductionofnaturalgaswas31.73billion
cubicmetersin2017–18,growingby60.86%overthepreviousyear.ONGCowns
participatingInterestsin37oilandgasassetsin17countriesandproducedabout30.3%
ofoiland23.7%ofoilandnaturalgasofIndia'sdomesticproductionin2019-20.
Intermsofreservesandproduction,ONGCisthesecondlargestpetroleum
companyofIndia.
ofworldoilproductionin2016–18.Theproductionofnaturalgaswas31.73billion
cubicmetersin2017–18,growingby60.86%overthepreviousyear.ONGCowns
participatingInterestsin37oilandgasassetsin17countriesandproducedabout30.3%
ofoiland23.7%ofoilandnaturalgasofIndia'sdomesticproductionin2019-20.
Intermsofreservesandproduction,ONGCisthesecondlargestpetroleum
companyofIndia.
Indian Oil Corporation(IOC) is the largest domestic refiner with a capacity of 80.7
MMTPA. Top three companies –IOC, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and
Reliance Industries (RIL) -contribute around 66.7% of India's total refining production
from FY 2018 -19.
MMTPA. Top three companies –IOC, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and
Reliance Industries (RIL) -contribute around 66.7% of India's total refining production
from FY 2018 -19.
Unit-2: Organic Fuels
Cracking of Petroleum
In petrochemistry,petroleumgeology and organic chemistry,crackingis the process
whereby complex organic molecules such as long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down
into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon
bonds.
In petrochemistry,petroleumgeology and organic chemistry,crackingis the process
whereby complex organic molecules such as long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down
into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon
bonds.
Thermal Cracking
At high temperature……
At high temperature……
Catalyst
Catalytic Cracking
In presence of catalyst……..
Catalytic Cracking
In presence of catalyst……..
Crackingis the mostimportantprocess for the commercial production of gasoline
and diesel fuel.
and diesel fuel.
Chemistry
The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrogen (H
2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of various
molecular weights according to the following equation:
(2n+1) H
2+n CO→ C
nH
(2n+2)+n H
2O
Where n is an integer. Thus, for n=1, the reaction represents the formation of methane,
which in most CTL or GTL applications is considered an undesirable byproduct. The
Fischer-Tropsch process conditions are usually chosen to maximize the formation of
higher molecular weight hydrocarbon liquid fuels which are higher value products. There
are other side reactions taking place in the process, among which the water-gas-shift
reaction
CO + H
2O → H
2+CO
2
is predominant. Depending on the catalyst, temperature, and type of process employed, hydrocarbons ranging
from methane to higher molecular paraffins and olefins can be obtained. Small amounts of low molecular weight
oxygenates (e.g., alcohol and organic acids) are also formed. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, in theory, is
a condensation polymerization reaction of CO.
The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrogen (H
2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of various
molecular weights according to the following equation:
(2n+1) H
2+n CO→ C
nH
(2n+2)+n H
2O
Where n is an integer. Thus, for n=1, the reaction represents the formation of methane,
which in most CTL or GTL applications is considered an undesirable byproduct. The
Fischer-Tropsch process conditions are usually chosen to maximize the formation of
higher molecular weight hydrocarbon liquid fuels which are higher value products. There
are other side reactions taking place in the process, among which the water-gas-shift
reaction
CO + H
2O → H
2+CO
2
is predominant. Depending on the catalyst, temperature, and type of process employed, hydrocarbons ranging
from methane to higher molecular paraffins and olefins can be obtained. Small amounts of low molecular weight
oxygenates (e.g., alcohol and organic acids) are also formed. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, in theory, is
a condensation polymerization reaction of CO.
Reforming of Petroleum
1. Isomerization:
2. Aromatization:
2. Aromatization:
3. Cyclization:
Reforming is the process in which structural
modifications are done in the molecules to
improve the Antiknocking characteristics.
Reforming is the process in which structural
modifications are done in the molecules to
improve the Antiknocking characteristics.
4.
Normal Knocking
•Knocking property is expressed as “octane number” or
“octane rating”
•The tendency to knock depends not only on the fuel but also
on the engine design, shape, location of plug and port etc.
•Knocking tendency of paraffin's increases with the increase in
the length of carbon chain.
•Knocking property decreases with the increase in the number
of C=C and rings.
“octane rating”
•The tendency to knock depends not only on the fuel but also
on the engine design, shape, location of plug and port etc.
•Knocking tendency of paraffin's increases with the increase in
the length of carbon chain.
•Knocking property decreases with the increase in the number
of C=C and rings.
Unit-2: Organic Fuels
Calorific Value of Coal Gas
Production of Oil Gas
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