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1. Organizational Behavior (Week-4)
By
Dr. Bushra Shafiq Bangash
Management Sciences
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2. What is Personality?
•Totalityofanindividual’sbehavioralandemotionalcharacteristics.Personalityembraces
aperson’smoods,attitudes,opinions,motivations,andstyleofthinking,perceiving,
speaking,andacting.Theinnercharacteristicsofpersonalityarespecificqualities,
attributes,traits,factorsandmannerismthatdistinguishoneindividualfromother
individuals.
•Personalitycanbedefinedasthoseinnerpsychologicalcharacteristicsthatboth
determineandreflecthowapersonthinkandactinanenvironment.
•ThewordpersonalityisderivedfromaGreekword“persona”whichmeans“tospeak
through.”Personalityisthecombinationofcharacteristicsorqualitiesthatformsa
person’suniqueidentity.Itsignifiestherolewhichapersonplaysinpublic.Every
individualhasaunique,personalandmajordeterminantofhisbehaviorthatdefines
his/herpersonality.
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3. Definition of Personality
Everyindividualdefinespersonalityinadifferentwaywhichincludestraitfactorsand
physicalappearance.Thetermpersonalityhasbeendefineddifferentlybydifferent
psychologists.Itshouldbeemphasized,however,thatnodefinitionofpersonalityhasfound
universalacceptancewithinthefield.
“Personalityishowpeopleaffectothersandhowtheyunderstandandviewthemselves,as
wellastheirpatternofinnerandoutermeasurabletraitsandthepersonsituation
interaction.”(FredLuthans)
“Personalityisabroad,amorphousdesignationrelatingtofundamentalapproachesof
personstoothersandthemselves.Tomostpsychologistsandstudentsofbehavior,this
termreferstothestudyofthecharacteristictraitsofanindividual,relationshipsbetween
thesetraitsandthewayinwhichapersonadjuststootherpeopleandsituations.”(J.B
Kolasa)
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4. Definition of Personality
“Theenduringconfigurationofcharacteristicsandbehaviorthatcomprisesanindividual’s
uniqueadjustmenttolife,includingmajortraits,interests,drives,values,self-concept,
abilities,andemotionalpatterns.Personalityisgenerallyviewedasacomplex,dynamic
integrationortotalityshapedbymanyforces,includinghereditaryandconstitutional
tendencies;physicalmaturation;earlytraining;identificationwithsignificantindividualsand
groups;culturallyconditionedvaluesandroles;andcriticalexperiencesandrelationships.
Varioustheoriesexplainthestructureanddevelopmentofpersonalityindifferentways,but
allagreethatpersonalityhelpsdeterminebehavior.”(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)
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5. Personality
Althoughthereisdebatebetweenwhetherornotourpersonalitiesareinherentwhenweareborn(nature)versus
thewaywegrewup(nurture),mostresearchersagreethatpersonalityisusuallyaresultofbothnatureandour
environmental/educationexperiences.Forexample,youhaveprobablyheardsomeonesay,“Sheactsjustlikeher
mother.”Shelikelybehavesthatwaybecauseshewasbornwithsomeofhermother’straits,aswellasbecause
shelearnedsomeofthebehaviorshermotherpassedtoherwhilegrowingup.Anotherexamplemightbe
someonewhogrowsupwiththeirparentsconstantlyhavingparties.Asaresult,asanadultthispersonmayend
uporganizingalotofparties,too.Ortheinfluenceofpartiesmaycreatetheoppositeeffect,wheretheperson
doesn’twanttohavepartiesatall.Theenvironmentalandeducationalexperiencescancreatepositiveornegative
associations,whichresultinhowwefeelaboutanysituationthatoccursinourlives.
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6. Factors of Personality
Thedeterminantsofpersonalitycanbegroupedinfivebroad
categories:
1.BiologicalFactors
2.CulturalFactors
3.FamilyFactors
4.SocialFactors
5.SituationalFactors
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7. 1. Biological Factors
Thebiologicalfactorsareofbiogenicbynatureandincludethoseofheredity,endocrineglands,physiqueand
physicalcondition,nervoussystem,etc.
1.Heredity:Heredityreferstothosefactorsthatweredeterminedatconception.Physicalstature,facial
attractiveness,gender,temperament,musclecompositionandreflexes,energylevel,andbiologicalrhythms
arecharacteristicsthatareconsideredtobeinherentfromone’sparents.Theheredityapproacharguesthat
theultimateexplanationofanindividual’spersonalityisthemolecularstructureofthegenes,locatedinthe
chromosomes.
2.PhysicalFeatures:Avitalingredientofthepersonality,anindividual’sexternalappearance,isbiologically
determined.Thefactthatapersonistallorshort,fatorskinny,blackorwhitewillinfluencetheperson’seffect
onothersandthisinturn,willaffecttheself-concept.
3.NervousSystem:Nervoussystemtooinfluencespersonalitydevelopment.Mentalabilities,sensorymotor
skillarealsodeterminedbythenervoussystem.Theautonomicnervoussystemandthecentralnervous
systemareresponsibleforpersonalitydevelopment.
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8. 2. Cultural Factors
Amongthefactorsthatinfluencepersonalityformationisthecultureinwhichweareraised,
earlyconditioning,normsprevailingwithinthefamily,friendsandsocialgroupsandother
miscellaneousexperiencesthatimpactus.
Theculturelargelydeterminesattitudestowardsindependence,aggression,competition,
cooperationandahostofotherhumanresponses.
AccordingtoPaulHMussen,“eachcultureexpects,andtrains,itsmemberstobehavein
waysthatareacceptabletothegroup.Toamarkeddegree,thechild’sculturalgroup
definestherangeofexperiencesandsituationsheislikelytoencounterandthevaluesand
personalitycharacteristicsthatwillbereinforcedandhencelearned.”
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9. 3. Family Factors
Whereastheculturegenerallyprescribesandlimitswhatapersoncanbetaught,itisthe
family,andlaterthesocialgroup,whichselects,interpretsanddispensestheculture.Thus,
thefamilyprobablyhasthemostsignificantimpactonearlypersonalitydevelopment.
Asubstantialamountofempiricalevidenceindicatesthattheoverallhomeenvironment
createdbytheparents,inadditiontotheirdirectinfluence,iscriticaltopersonality
development.
Theparentsplayanespeciallyimportantpartintheidentificationprocess,whichis
importanttotheperson’searlydevelopment.Thehomeenvironmentalsoinfluencesthe
personalityofanindividual.Siblings(brothersandsisters)alsocontributetopersonality.
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10. 4. Social Factors
Thereisincreasingrecognitiongiventotheroleofotherrelevantpersons,groupsandespecially
organizations,whichgreatlyinfluenceanindividual’spersonality.Thisiscommonlycalledthe
socializationprocess.
Socializationinvolvestheprocessbywhichapersonacquires,fromtheenormouslywiderangeof
behavioralpotentialitiesthatareopentohimorher,thosethatareultimatelysynthesizedand
absorbed.
Socializationstartswiththeinitialcontactbetweenamotherandhernewinfant.Afterinfancy,other
membersoftheimmediatefamily–father,brothers,sistersandcloserelativesorfriends,thenthe
socialgroup:peers,schoolfriendsandmembersoftheworkgroup–playinfluentialroles.
Socializationprocessisespeciallyrelevanttoorganizationalbehaviorbecausetheprocessisnot
confinedtoearlychildhood,takingplaceratherthroughoutone’slife.Inparticular,theevidenceis
accumulatingthatsocializationmaybeoneofthebestexplanationsforwhyemployeesbehavethe
waytheydointoday’sorganizations.
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11. 5. Situational Factors
Humanpersonalityisalsoinfluencedbysituationalfactors.Theeffectoftheenvironmentisquite
strong.Knowledge,skillandlanguageareobviouslyacquiredandrepresentimportant
modificationsofbehavior.
Anindividual’spersonality,whilegenerallystableandconsistent,doeschangeindifferent
situations.Thevaryingdemandsofdifferentsituationscallforthdifferentaspectsofone’s
personality.
AccordingtoMilgram,“Situationexertsanimportantpressontheindividual.Itexercises
constraintsandmayprovideapush.Incertaincircumstances,itisnotsomuchthekindof
personamanis,asthekindofsituationinwhichheisplacedthatdetermineshisactions”.We
shouldthereforenotlookatpersonalitypatternsinisolation.
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12. Definition of Individual Behavior
IndividualBehavior
Definition:Individualbehaviorreferstotheuniquepatternsofactions,reactions,and
conductexhibitedbyanindividualinvarioussituationsandcontexts.
ObservableActions:Individualbehaviorisobservableandcanbeinfluencedbyexternal
factorssuchasenvironmentalstimuli,socialnorms,andsituationaldemands.
Context-Dependent:Individualbehaviormayvarydependingonthespecific
circumstances,roles,andsocialcontextsinwhichtheindividualinteracts.
DynamicandChangeable:Individualbehaviorcanchangeovertimeinresponseto
learning,experiences,andenvironmentalinfluences.
Examples:Individualbehaviorencompassesactionssuchasdecision-making,problem-
solving,communication,teamwork,leadership,andconflictresolution.
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13. Definition of Personality
Personality
Definition:Personalityreferstotheuniquesetofpermanenttraits,characteristics,
emotions,andpatternsofthoughtthatdefineanindividual'suniqueidentityandbehavior.
InternalCharacteristics:Personalitytraitsareinternalandrelativelystableovertime,
representingconsistentpatternsofthoughts,emotions,andbehaviors.
InfluencesBehavior:Personalitytraitsinfluencehowindividualsperceiveandinterpret
situations,interactwithothers,andrespondtovariousstimuli.
InbornandInherited:Personalitytraitsarebelievedtohaveageneticandbiological
basis,althoughtheycanalsobeshapedbyenvironmentalfactorsandlifeexperiences.
Examples:Personalitytraitsincludecharacteristicssuchasextraversion,agreeableness,
conscientiousness,opennesstoexperience,andemotionalstability(neuroticism),as
describedbytheBigFivepersonalitymodel.
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14. IndividualBehaviorVS Personality
Whileindividualbehaviorreferstotheobservableactionsandreactionsofindividualsin
differentsituations,personalityinvolvesthepermanenttraitsandcharacteristicsthat
triggerandshapethosebehaviors.
Individualbehaviorisinfluencedbypersonalitytraits,butitalsoreflectssituationalfactors
andexternalinfluences.
Personalitymaybeviewedasconsistingofstablecharacteristicsthatexplainwhya
personbehavesinaparticularway.Personalitytraitsarerelativelystablepatternsof
thoughts,emotions,andbehaviorsthatdefineanindividual'suniqueidentityand
contributetotheirconsistentbehavioraltendenciesacrossdifferentsituations.
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15. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
Understandingindividualdifferencesinorganizationalbehavioriscrucialforfosteringapositive
workenvironment,enhancingproductivity,andpromotingorganizationaleffectiveness.
Herearesomekeyreasonswhyunderstandingindividualdifferencesisimportant:
1.EffectiveCommunicationandCollaboration:
Individualspossessdiversecommunicationstyles,preferences,andculturalbackgrounds.
Understandingthesedifferenceshelpsfacilitateeffectivecommunicationandcollaborationwithin
teamsandacrossorganizationallevels.
Recognizingandrespectingindividualdifferencesincommunicationstylescanminimize
misunderstandings,conflicts,andbarrierstoeffectiveteamwork.
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16. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
2.TailoredLeadershipandManagementApproaches:
Effectiveleadersrecognizethatindividualshaveuniquestrengths,weaknesses,motivations,
andlearningstyles.
Understandingindividualdifferencesallowsleadersandmanagerstotailortheirleadership
styles,coachingtechniques,andperformancemanagementapproachestomeetthespecific
needsandpreferencesoftheirteammembers.
Tailoredleadershipapproachescanenhanceemployeeengagement,jobsatisfaction,and
performance.
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17. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
3.ConflictResolutionandTeamDynamics:
Conflictsoftenarisefromdifferencesinpersonalities,values,andperspectivesamongteam
members.Understandingindividualdifferencesenablesmanagersandteamleaderstoidentify
therootcausesofconflictsandimplementeffectiveconflictresolutionstrategies.
Appreciatingdiverseviewpointsandfosteringaninclusiveworkenvironmentpromotes
constructivedialogue,collaboration,andinnovationwithinteams.
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18. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
4.PromotionofDiversityandInclusion:
Recognizingandvaluingindividualdifferencespromotesdiversityandinclusionwithin
organizations.
Embracingdiversityintermsofgender,ethnicity,age,culturalbackground,andcognitivestyles
fosterscreativity,innovation,andorganizationalresilience.
Inclusiveorganizationalculturesencouragediverseperspectives,experiences,and
contributions,leadingtobetterdecision-makingandproblem-solving.
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19. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
5.EnhancedEmployeeEngagementandSatisfaction:
Employeesfeelvaluedandrespectedwhentheirindividualdifferencesareacknowledgedand
appreciated.
Organizationsthatprioritizeunderstandingandaccommodatingindividualdifferencestendto
havehigherlevelsofemployeeengagement,jobsatisfaction,andcommitment.
Employeesaremorelikelytobemotivatedandproductivewhentheyfeelunderstood,
supported,andempoweredtocontributetheiruniquetalentsandperspectives.
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20. ImportanceofUnderstandingIndividualDifferences
6.OptimizedTalentManagementandDevelopment:
Understandingindividualdifferencesenablesorganizationstoidentifyandinfluenceemployees'
strengthsanddevelopmentalareas.
Customizedtraining,mentoring,andcareerdevelopmentprogramstailoredtoindividualneeds
andaspirationshelpmaximizeemployees'potentialandcareergrowth.
Strategictalentmanagementpracticesthatrecognizeandrewarddiversetalentsand
contributionscontributetoemployeeretentionandorganizationalsuccess.
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21. Thank You
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