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organizational structure

1. Organizationalstructure

2. Henry Mintzberg
•Canadian academic and author on business and
management
•Focusareas:
•Organizationalstructure(parts)
•Organizationalconfigurations
•Coordination
•Management roles
•Business strategytheory

4. Strategic Apex
oDefinition:The top-level management
responsible for the overall direction and
strategy of the organization.
oPull:Centralization
§Tendency to centralize authority and
decision-making to ensure unified
direction and control.
§Centralization can lead to unified direction
but may overlook specific departmental or
classroom needs.
oEducational Equivalent:School principal or
headmaster.
§Sets the school's vision, goals, and
policies.
§Makes high-level decisions affecting the
entire school.

5. Middle Line
oDefinition:Managers who connect the
strategic apex to the operating core, translating
top-level strategies into operational actions.
oPull:Balkanization/Decentralization
§Desire for departmental autonomy and
control over resources and decisions
specific to their area.
§Decentralizationallowsforspecialization
and responsivenessbutmaylead to
inconsistenciesacrossdepartments.
oEducational Equivalent:Department heads
or academic coordinators.
§Bridges the gap between the principal and
teachers.
§Manages departmental activities and
resources.

6. Operating Core
oDefinition:Employees who perform the basic
work related to the production of products or
services.
oPull:Professionalization
§Aspiration for autonomy to apply their
expertise without excessive oversight.
§Professional autonomycanenhance
innovationand adaptabilitybutmay
challengestandardizationefforts.
oEducational Equivalent:Teachers and
educators.
§Directly involved in teaching and
interacting with students.
§Implements curricula and educational
strategies.

7. Technostructure
oDefinition:Analysts who design and maintain
the organization's formal structures and
systems.
oPull:Standardization
§Focus on implementing standardized
processes and procedures for efficiency
and consistency.
§Designs curricula, implements
educational technologies, and develops
assessment tools.
oEducational Equivalent:Curriculum
designers, process analysts, and IT specialists.
§Designs curricula, implements
educational technologies, and develops
assessment tools.

8. Support Staff
oDefinition:Units that provide indirect support
services to the organization.
oPull:Collaboration
§Emphasis on teamwork and inclusion in
decision-making to enhance overall
operations.
§Collaborationenhancescoordinationbut
mayslowdecision-makingiftoomany
stakeholdersareinvolved.
oEducational Equivalent:Administrative
assistants, counselors, librarians, IT support,
and maintenance staff.
§Provides essential services that support
the educational process.
§Facilitates the smooth operation of the
school.

9. Coordination Mechanisms
1.Mutual Adjustment
oDefinition:Coordination through informal
communication.
oEducational Relevance:Teachers collaborating
informally to share best practices.
2.Direct Supervision
oDefinition:Coordination by having one individual give
orders or instructions to others.
oEducational Relevance:Principal directing staff on policy
implementation.
3.Standardization of Work Processes
oDefinition:Coordination through standardized
procedures.
oEducational Relevance:Established teaching methods or
lesson plans.
4.Standardization of Outputs
oDefinition:Coordination by specifying expected results.
oEducational Relevance:Standardized testing and
assessment criteria.
5.Standardization of Skills
oDefinition:Coordination through shared training and
education.
oEducational Relevance:Teacher certification
requirements and professional development.
6.Standardization of Norms
oDefinition:Coordination through shared beliefs and
values.
oEducational Relevance:School culture and mission
statements.

10. Organizationalconfigurations
1.Simple Structure
oCharacteristics:Centralized decision-making, low
complexity.
oEducational Example:Small private schools with direct
oversight by a principal.
2.Machine Bureaucracy
oCharacteristics:High formalization, standardization of
work processes.
oEducational Example:Large school districts with strict
policies and procedures.
3.Professional Bureaucracy
oCharacteristics:Decentralized, relies on professionals
with specialized skills.
oEducational Example:Universities where faculty have
significant autonomy.
4.DivisionalizedForm
oCharacteristics:Semi-autonomous units governed by a
central headquarters.
oEducational Example:Multi-campus school systems.
5.Adhocracy
oCharacteristics:Flexible, adaptable, emphasis on
innovation.
oEducational Example:Experimental schools with project-
based learning.

11. Simple Structure

12. Machine Bureaucracy

13. Professional Bureaucracy

14. DivisionalizedForm

15. Adhocracy