organs donation and transplantation.pptx

Organ transplant

1. Organ donation and transplantation DR.HAFIZA SHEHREEN DPT(KING EDWARD MEDICAL UNIVRSITY)

2. ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION Organ donation and transplantation allows a deceased or living donor to give life to another. Surgeons remove a healthy organ from a donor who doesn’t need it and transfer it to someone else who does.  OVERVIEW Organ donation and transplantation is a surgical process to replace a failing organ with a healthy one from someone else who doesn’t need it. Organ donors are usually recently deceased people who either volunteered before their death to donate their organs afterward, or their family donated them on their behalf.   Organ recipients are usually people who are critically ill in the end stages of  organ failure .

3. Why is organ donation important? Organ transplantation is one of the great advances in modern medicine. It offers a second chance at life to people of all ages who have life-threatening diseases or injuries to their vital organs. Other donated tissues, like corneas, tendons and bones, can enhance lives by helping restore sight, movement and other physical functions. 

4. What organs and tissues can be donated and transplanted? Organs that can be donated and transplanted after your death include your: Liver . Kidney . Pancreas . Heart . Lungs . Intestines. Uterus .

5. Other tissues that can be donated and transplanted include your: Corneas . Heart valves. Bone marrow . Bone. Skin. Tendons. Ligaments. Cartilage. Blood vessels. Nerves. Hands. Face .

6. Organs and tissues that you can donate while still alive include: One kidney. A portion of your liver. Gestational tissue (leftover tissue after the birth of your newborn). Your uterus. In rare circumstances, a segment of your lung, pancreas or intestine.

7. Who can be an organ donor? Almost everyone is a potential organ or tissue donor. There’s no official age limit, and most people have healthy parts left even when disease has affected other parts. Organ donors let the experts decide which of their parts are viable for donation and transplantation. They’ll assess the health of your organs and tissues at the time that they become available. If you want to be a living donor, healthcare providers will assess the health of your organ and your overall health to ensure your safety before proceeding.

8. How does the organ donation process work? The process for deceased organ donation begins with consent and ends with a surgical organ transplant. Here are the steps : 1. Identifying an eligible donor Eligible organ donors have been declared deceased by a cause that didn’t damage their organs. Usually, they’ve had a catastrophic brain injury that caused brainstem death, or they died by  sudden cardiac arrest . In these cases, the hospital can preserve their organs after their death through  mechanical ventilation . 

9. 2. Obtaining consent Many organ donors decide before their death to donate organs after their death. The OPTN maintains a national database of registered organ donors. After confirming an eligible donor, they’ll check their database to see if they’re registered. If they are, they’ll inform their family of their consent to donate. If they’re not, they’ll consult with their family about the opportunity for donation, taking time to answer all their questions. Their family may choose at this time to donate their organs on their behalf. 3. Matching donors to recipients The next step is to match donor organs and tissues with the people who need them. This is mostly a computerized process. 

10. 4. Coordinating the transplant Once a recipient has been identified, their transplant center will receive an electronic notification offering the donor organ. The transplant team will make the final decision on whether to accept the organ for their patient. If they accept, they’ll coordinate the logistics with the host Organ Procurement Organization (OPO). They’ll arrange for operating rooms to be available for both donor and recipient as soon as possible. Then they’ll coordinate the arrival and departure of the transplant surgery teams. 5. Recovering the organs A specialized surgical team recovers organs and tissues from the donor in a respectful, formal procedure.

11. 6. Organ transplantation The organ recipient should be waiting at their transplant hospital when the donor organ arrives. They’ll have surgery as soon as possible, while the organ is still viable. Organ transplant surgery is complex and can take several hours. Some organs are only viable for six hours after being removed. 

12. What are the benefits of organ donation and transplantation? Organ donation and transplantation saves thousands of lives each year. One of these people could be someone you care about. Tissue donations can help heal and restore quality of life to many more . If you become a donor after your death, your organs and tissues could: Save up to eight lives. Restore sight to two people. Heal up to 75 burn and wound victims. Help someone restore their hand or face.

13. If you become a living donor, you could: Save the life of someone you know. Save them from waiting indefinitely while getting sicker. Give them a healthier organ than they might get otherwise.

14. What are the risks of organ donation and transplant surgery? Surgical risks ,   such as blood loss and other complications. Organ rejection or failure . Most people will have some brief episodes of organ rejection in their first year after surgery.  Infection . Healthcare providers prescribe  immunosuppressant  medications to help prevent organ rejection in transplant recipients. These medications suppress your  immune system .

15. General risks for living donors include: General risks of surgery, including pain, blood loss and infection. Damage to your organ during the procedure, causing long-term complications. Reduced kidney function after donating one kidney. Negative feelings about your choice if things don’t work out as planned.

16. How long does it take to recover from organ transplant surgery? Whether you’re a living donor or an organ recipient, it can take two to six months to fully recover from organ transplant surgery. You may need to stay in the hospital for a few days to a couple of weeks, depending on the type of transplant you had. You may need to take one to two months off from work, and you may need extra help at home. Despite expert care, you can expect some degree of discomfort and physical limitation while you recover. 

17. Organ donation and transplantation raise several ethical issues, including : 1 . Informed consent: Ensuring donors understand the process and risks . 2 . Autonomy: Respecting donors' decisions and rights . 3 . Privacy: Protecting donors' personal and medical information . 4 . Equity: Ensuring fair access to transplantation for all individuals . 5 . Distribution: Allocating organs fairly and based on medical criteria . 6 . Commercialization: Preventing the buying and selling of ORGANS

18. 7 Cultural and religious beliefs: Respecting diverse beliefs and practices regarding organ donation . 8 . End-of-life care: Ensuring proper care and dignity for donors at end-of-life 9. Organ trafficking: Preventing illegal removal and sale of organs . 10. Xenotransplantation: Considering ethical implications of transplanting organs from animals. 11. Pediatric and geriatric transplantation: Addressing unique ethical concerns in these populations

19. 12. Living donation: Balancing risks and benefits for living donors . 13. Deceased donation: Respecting deceased individuals' wishes and autonomy . These ethical issues highlight the need for careful consideration, open communication, and respect for all individuals involved in organ donation and transplantation .