Origin and devpt socio

Origin and Development of Sociology

1. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT SOCIOLOGY

2. SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCES BEING IN A GROUP CHANGES YOUR BEHAVIOUR!

3. Watching cricket/football

4. Blasting in a concert

5. Social set of rules and norms-from the beginning of human social life Individual vs social behaviour-what is the rationality? Human beings started thinking about societies and groups from ancient times-cooperation and support Relevance of understanding the historical roots-society and individual

6. Historical Roots of Social Science

7. Major Milestones in the History of Humanity World has been around for 6 billion years (60 crore) Living things- 3 billion Homo habilis- 16,00,000-25,00,000- tool makers Homo erectus- 2,50,000- hunters- use of fire Origin of human species- 1,30,000 to 2,00,000 years Homo sapiens (the reasoning man!!!)- 35,000 years

8. Early human migrations Stone Age to age of agriculture - 11,000 years Early civilizations- Egyptian (5000 BC), Mesopotamia (4000 BC, writing 3000 BC Recorded History), Indus Valley (3000 BC), Roman & Greek- (700 BC to 500 AD) AD 476 to 1453- The middle ages feudal estate, crusades, black death inquisition AD 1453- Fall of Constantinople- Greek scholars who escaped to Europe brought with them learning and tradition that furled the Renaissance

9. 1543- Copernicus publishes on the Revolutions of the Heavenly spheres- Scientific revolution 1687-Newton publishes Principia Laws of the universe can be described using mathematics- “Reason” natural law that govern human action

10. (1400- 1600 AD)- ‘rebirth’, ‘new beginning’ ;artistic movement Break from the past-man is the measure of everything Reason, critical thinking, arts flourished, architecture, sculpture, painting, engineering, Artists- Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael Free thinking and rationality The enlightenment (1650-1800 AD)- Period- philosophical movement-Rationalism replaced religion as the organising principle of knowledge; development of the social sciences and flourished By the time of enlightenment, it had become evident that to know everything- to be renaissance scholar- was impossible The Renaissance

11. Also impossible to know everything about just one subject. Say, all of physics or all of philosophy So, individuals began to specialise Philosophy into two- metaphilosophy and philosophy Metaphilosophy- the study of issues not empirically testable. Eg.,all powerful god Philosophy- deals with issues that could be empirically tested. Eg., what type of political organisation of society is preferable? Social sciences comes under this section philosophy!

12. The long drawn conflict between catholics and protestants about how to interpret God’s will This conflict broke down the religious explanations and made people very much aware of social problems Individuals attempted to explain- whose explanations, catholic or protestants, was right? Why were they right? What could be done about it?

13. The enlightenment project History of humanity- Ancient , neolithic, classical, dark ages, renaissance, modern The age of Enlightenment- 18 C Modern world, modern mind, modern science- positivism & Scientific rationality Story of modernity and reason- Telescope (shattered the geocentric concept), Microscope (matter- small and structured than bible {religious} and Aristotle{philosophical})

14. Enlightenment established the ‘three humiliations’ of human beings The earth is not the centre of the universe Humans are creatures of nature like other animals Our reasoning ability is subject to passions and subconscious desires However, the human beings’ humiliation was accompanied by a belief in human beings’ power If society could change, then the change could be guided and directed by human beings

15. The scientific revolution- a revolution in method- reason (light by which science can see into darkness) Concerns matters of fact- e.g.., Dragon Concerns working of nature are hidden from the five senses. e.g.. Newton apple falling and law of gravity Extending scope of science-new field of exploration- new kind of progress If the human world turned out to be less well ordered than nature, science could show how to order it better- with aid of Reason, Social Harmony could be achieved This whole grand attempt to discover all nature’s secrets, including those of humanity, has become known as ‘the Enlightenment project’

16. The evolution of philosophy into social sciences can be seen in France-mid 1700s Denis Diderot and Jean d’Alembert: Encyclopedia rational Dictionary of Science, Art and industry First definitions of Social Sciences can be traced to this book Systematic articles on man, society, method Ref: Elgin F Hunt and David C colander (2012) social science, new delhi ; Pearson

17. Sociology is the intellectual discipline concerned with developing systematic, reliable knowledge about human social relations in general and about the products of such relationships (Thomas Ford Hoult, Dictionary of Modern Sociology)

18. Development and Institutionalisation of Sociology Systematic study of society and social interactions; ultimately human social life; understand how the entire world works Sociology helps us to understand ourselves better since it examines how the social world influences the way we think, feel and act; helps in decision making Modern and youngest science Auguste Comte-Father of sociology-wanted to reorganise society on new lines

19. 1839-coined the term in his work Positive Philosophy Latin word: socius- society; logos-science/study Thus the study of society in a scientific way started-based on systematic observation and classification; not on authority and speculation

20. A new idea of that time Later Herbert spencer in England published- Principles of Sociology in 1876 Applied the theory of organic evolution to human society and developed a grand theory of “social evolution”/social Darwinism Lester F Ward, American Sociologist, published Dynamic Sociology (1883), -social progress through intelligent social action which sociologists should guide

21. Sociology taught by that name for the first time at the University of Kansas in 1890 by Frank Blackmar-under the course title,Elements of Sociology (oldest continuing sociology course in the U.S 1892-Chicago University-first academic department of sociology-by Albion W. Small, who founded The American Journal of Sociology in1895 American Sociological Society formed in 1905-the world’s largest association of professional sociologists First European department of Sociology-1895-at the University of Bordeaux by Emile Durkheim French Sociologist-introduced scientific methodology- in his Rules of Sociological Method (1895) and Suicide (1897)

22. First sociology department in the UK-London School of Economics and Political Science in 1904-British Journal of Sociology 1919-in Germany at the Ludwig Maxmillians University of Munich by Max Weber in 1920 European and American Sociologists regarded it as scientific guide to social progress By the 1930s-several sociological journals-research articles and scientific descriptions International Sociological Association-1949 Finally Sociology was becoming a body of scientific knowledge, with its theories based upon scientific observation rather than upon armchair speculation or impressionistic observation

23. Anthony Giddens, Duneier, Mitchell, Applebaum, Richard (2007) Introduction to Sociology, Sixth Edition, W.W Norton and Company: New York (Ch.1) Alex Inkeles (1964) What is Sociology: an Introduction to the Discipline and Profession, Prentice-Hall Foundations of Modern Sociology Series MacIver and Page (1961) Society:An Introductory Analysis, McMillon India Ltd (pp 3-22). Kingsley Davis (1981) Human Society , Surjeeth Publications:New Delhi References