Origin,cultivation & uses of food crops ....potato

HNGU PATAN.
m.sc sem 3 botany
cbo - 502

1. ORIGIN,CULTIVATION & USES OF FOOD CROPS POTATO & GROUND NUT

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION Potato :- -Classification -Origin -Morphology -Uses 2. Ground nut:- -Classification -Origin -Morphology -Uses

3. INTRODUCTION FOOD :- It is the basic requirement of life to survive. It is made up various kind of energy rich substances like carbohydrates, proteins, fats , vitamins & minerals, which are known as nutrients. FUNCTION OF FOOD :- Food provide energy for various metabolic activities. It help in growth & development of body.

4. It help in the replacement of worn out tissues , repair of damaged cells and healing of wounds. It provide protection against diseases. SOURCES OF FOOD :- CEREALS ( Wheat) PULSES ( Chick pea) VEGETABLES (Potato) OIL SEED CROPS ( Ground nut)

5. POTATO scientific name :- solanum tuberosum L inn local name :- batata Family :- solanaceae. Useful organ :- tuber

6. ORIGIN The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern day southern peru and northwestern Bolivia. It is native American species & was cultivated form chile to new Granda at the time the Spanish explores reached this continent. The potato was first introduced into new England by lrish immigrants 1719. Potatoes are usually propagated vegetatively by means of tuber or parts of tuber so called “seed potatoes”.

7. MORPHOLOGY The potato plant is an erect, branching and spreading height of 1-1.25m The leaves are pinnately compound & densely hair when young. The tuber are greatly enlarge underground stem & they bear a eyes in the axile scale like leaves which are shed leaving a rudimentaly leaf scar.

8. The flower are born in terminal clusters and the fruit is berry. The size , color and shape of the tuber varies according to the cultivar.

9. CULTIVATION The best environment for crop is a cool , moist climate , with a mean annual temperature of 40˚-50˚F. Potatoes are grown by tuber pieces. The tuber continues to develop till the plant dies. The tubers are then stored, preferably in cold stored where temperature is between 36˚ to 38˚ F.

10. USES The tubers are used as vegetable. Small tubers are utilized for production of starch and industrial alcohol. It is a good source of vitamins B1, B2 & B6 and minerals such as potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. The potato is a moderate source of iron, and it has high vitamin C. They are also used for domestic animals. Potato chips made from fresh potatoes its called katri.

11. Potato is universal table food. Potato leaf haulms are useful source of cellulose. Potato are used as antiscorbutic, aperient , diuretic. Potato is among richest foods in potassium. Extract of leaves is used as antispasmodic in cough.

12. GROUNDNUT Scientific name :- Arachis hypogaea Linn Local name :- Peanut Family :- Leguminosae (papilionaceae/ fabaceae ) Useful organ :- Seed

13. ORIGIN Ground nut is native to Brazil. It is widely distributed throughout in the south America. Ground nut is widely cultivated in all tropical & sub tropical countries of the world. India is the largest producer of ground nut. It is also grown in Burma , Argentina and Thailand.

14. MORPHOLOGY It is annual herb , attaining a height of 0.30 – 0.6m The leaves are quadrifoliate with two pairs of leaflets on a slender , grooved petiole. The lemon yellow & sessile flower are born in the axils of leaves on short branches. The flower bearing branches thrust underground after fertilization & the formation of fruit does not take place unit the ovary is pusnea under the soil.

15. The fruit is an elongated , oblong , indehiscent pod , containing 1 -3 seeds.

16. CULTIVATION The orange – veined , yellow pealed , pea like flower of peanut is born in axillaries' clusters above ground. Following self pollination , the flowers become weak. The stalk at the base of the ovary called the pedicel, elongates rapidly and turn downward to hide the fruits several inches in ground , where they complete their development. The entire plant including most of the roots , is removed from the soil during harvesting.

17. The fruits have wrinkled husk that are rigid between pairs of the one or four seeds per pod. Peanut grow best in light , sandy loam soil. They require 5 month of warm weather & an annual rainfall 500 – 1,000 mm ( 20 to 39 inches) or the equal in irrigation water. The pond ripen 120 to 150 days after the seeds are planted.

18. USES The seed are used for roasting or salting and for the preparation of peanut butter. The filter refined oil is used for cooking in making margarine. Peanut oil is important as a food oil. The protein in peanut is used in the manufacture of a synthetic fiber. The vegetable ghee is made from the peanut oil after hydrogenation. Peanut oil also uses as a lubricant .

19. Peanut flour is lower in fat than peanut butter, and is popular with chefs because its high protein content make it suitable as a flavor enhancer. Peanut flour is used as a gluten – free solution. Some commercial products are ground nut milk, ice cream.

20. REFERENCES Economic Botany. - B.P.PADAY Economic Botany. ALBERT. F. HILL www. Wikipedia. Com www. Slid share . com

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