Origins of Islam ISRA (Development of Islam)

Origins of Islam ISRA (Development of Islam)

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Origins of Islam

2. © ISRA AustraliaSlide 2
In this topic, students will,
Outcomes
Specific for SoRand SaC
•P2 identify the influence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society
•P4 examine significant aspects of religious traditions
•P5 describe the influence of religious traditions in the life of adherents
•P8 use appropriate terminology related to religion and belief systems

3. © ISRA AustraliaSlide 3
Contents
üPre-Islamic Arabia
üThe Life of the Prophet Muhammad
üThe Role of the Prophet Muhammad for Muslims
üThe Development of Islam in the Era of the Rightly
Guided Caliphs

4. © ISRA AustraliaSlide 51
Development of Islam in the Era
of the Rightly Guided Caliphs

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Rightly-Guided Caliphs
(Successors)
•Abu Bakr –The 1st Caliph, Successor to
Prophet, (632-634), first adult male
Muslim and close friend of the Prophet
Muhammad. Father in-law to the
Prophet.
•Omar Ibn Al Khattab –The 2nd Caliph
(634-644). Initially hostile to Islam; his
conversion in the 6th year strengthens
Islam. Father in-law to the Prophet.
•Uthman bin Affan–The 3rd Caliph
(644-656). Early convert. Contributed to
Islam with preaching and through his
philanthropy. Son-in-law of the Prophet.
•Ali ibn Abu Talib–The 4th Caliph (656-
661). First child convert to Islam,
Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law.

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Caliphate of Abu Bakr
•When the Prophet passed away in 632,
people could not believe it.
•Abu Bakr said, “whoever has been
worshipping Muhammad know that
Muhammad is dead. But those who
worship God, know that He is the
Living and will never die”. (Khalid, 2005,
p. 6)
•He then recited the verse:
“Muhammad is but a Messenger, and
Messengers passed away before him. If,
then, he dies or is killed, will you turn
back on your heels? Whoever turns back
on his heels can in no way harm God. But
God will reward the thankful ones.”
(Qur’an, 3:144)

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Caliphate of Abu Bakr
•Three main groups, the Ansar
(Helpers), the Muhajirun(migrants)
and the tribal members of the Prophet
(pbuh) gathered to mourn.
•Various people spoke and made
suggestions on who should be the
successor to the Prophet in terms of
leader of Muslims.
•Shortly before the Prophet’s death, he
asked Abu Bakr to lead the prayer,
some had taken this as an indication of
the Prophet’s preference as Abu Bakr
to be his successor
•Eventually Abu Bakr is elected as the
caliph.
•Ali was not present at these
deliberations.

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Caliphate of Abu Bakr
•During the Caliphate of Abu
Bakr, Islam had spread
throughout Arabia entirely and
was under a unified Muslim
leadership
•Islam had also spread further
through conquests of Syria
(under the control of the
Byzantines) and Iraq
•He also began the process of
collecting transcriptions of the
Qur’an

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Abu Bakr’s Legacy
•He was seen as a resolute
leader.
•He showed good leadership
after the death of the
Prophet to hold the
community unified.
•He preserved the integrity
of Islam with his stance at
the zakat crisis.
•Abu Bakr commissions the
compilation of the Qur’an
into a volume.

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Omar’s Election
•When Abu Bakr was ill, he
called for council of leading
companions and nominated
Omar as the next caliph.
•Overwhelmingly, people
agreed with the nomination.
•Only Ali and Talha raised
concerns saying that Omar had
a rather harsh disposition.
•Abu Bakr said that the weight of
the role would soften him up.
•All swore allegiance to
Omar including Ali and
Talha.

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Omar’s Caliphate
•The Byzantine
superpowers are defeated
by the Muslim’s
•The Byzantines are pushed
out of Syria
•The Persian super power’s
were also defeated in Iraq
•Jerusalem was conquered
•When Jerusalem was
conquered, Omar
announced that the Jews
that were previously were
welcome to return
•Muslims conquered Egypt

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Omar’s Legacy
•In 644, Omar was assassinated by
a disgruntled Persian prisoner of
war.
•He was known as a just ruler with
his unwavering sense of justice
•Established the start of the Muslim
calendar with migration to Medina
(622) as year one
•Established a welfare state with
financial and social services
•Established new cities like Cairo,
Basra and Kufa–in these cities he
maintained local peoples
freedoms

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Uthman’s Election
•Omar suggested that next
caliph should be chosen from
the six leading companions –
Ali, Uthman, Abdurrahman,
Sa’d, Zubayrand Talha.
•After deliberations and
consultations with people it
was close between Uthman
and Ali.
•Finally the public opinion
swayed towards Uthman.
•Everyone swore allegiance to
Uthman including Ali.

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Compilation of the
Qur’an
•Uthman’s most notable
contribution was the
final compilation of the
Qur’an
•Since Islam had spread
into so many different
regions, there was a
need for an authentic
copy of the Qur’an
•Copies were sent to
surrounding regions to
new Islamic states

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Uthman’s Caliphate
•In the first six years
•The borders of Islam grew
further west in North Africa
and Central Asia
•Definitive copy of the Qur’an
was produced in standard
pronunciation and sent to
the Muslim world
•Second six years
•He was accused of being
soft and appointing people
from his tribe to key posts
•A small group of rebels from
Egypt come to Medina and
end up assassinating him

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Ali’s Election and
Immediate Issues
•Ali was unanimously elected as caliph
in 656 in Medina when the city was
under rebel control.
•He had two immediate issues to deal
with.
•Catching and punishing the murderers
of Uthman
•How to deal with governors who were
the source of complaints.
•He opted to wait until he had full
control to punish the murderers.
•He replaced all governors immediately.
•Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria, refused
to step down until assassins of Uthman
were punished.

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The First Break in
Muslim Unity
•Meanwhile A’isha, Muhammad’s
wife, was returning from Mecca to
Medina when she heard of the
murder of Uthman and election of
Ali as caliph.
•She decided to return to Mecca and
wowed to avenge Uthman’s
murderers.
•A’isha together with others went to
Basra and raised an army to punish
the murderers of Uthman.
•Meanwhile, Ali was preparing to
march Syria but turned towards
Basra to deal with this situation.
•Eventually fighting broke out. A’isha
and her forces were defeated.

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An Inevitable
Confrontation
•Ali took control over the Muslim
world with the exception of Syria.
•The confrontation with Mu’awiyah,
governor of Syria, came when two
armies met at Siffin.
•Negotiations failed and fighting
broke out.
•Caliph’s forces were winning the
battle when the other side asked
for arbitration.
•Arbitration failed and resulted in
two caliphs –Ali centred in Iraq and
Mu’awiyacentred in Syria.

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End of an Era
•A group amongst the army
of Ali refused the idea of
arbitration.
•They became the Kharijites
(outsiders) who accused
both Ali and Mu’awiyyah.
•Kharijites became a major
problem for civilians and
authorities as they carried
out violence against
civilians.
•Eventually Kharijites
assassinated Ali in 661
ending the thirty year era of
Rightly Guided Caliphs.

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Ali’s Legacy
•Ali was a popular, charismatic
heroic leader
•Lead Muslims during
transitions from the generation
of companions to the next
generation
•Ali tried to maintain a pious
state rather than lapse into an
imperial one
•He was tasked with the
enormous responsibilities of
brining the assasinsof Uthman
to justice and dealing with the
first war amongst the Muslims

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Outcomes of the era of
the Rightly Guided Caliphs

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Conquests
•Islam rapidly spread to a large
geography through conquests.
•People were not forced to
convert.
•Times of peace were the only
times when Islam spread
•Often Muslims won over the
indigenous populations by
their tolerant and fair rule.
•When judging matters
amongst people, the Prophet
would rule according to the
laws and traditions of those
people

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Sunni-Shi’ite Divide
•Sunni àComes from the word
“Sunnah”
•Shi’ite àComes from the term
“Shi’ite Ali” meaning “Partisans of
Ali”
•The Shi’ite viewpoint that after the
Prophet’s death, Ali should have
immediately assumed leadership
•The political polarisation during
Ali’s tenure eventually lead to the
Sunni-Shi’ite orientations.
•Main issue was the idea of justice
on the murder of Uthman.
•While Ali wanted delayed
absolute justice, others wanted
immediate justice.

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Sunni-Shi’ite Divide
•Debate over whether caliphs
represented religious and
political authority produced
further differences.
•Shiites believed caliph must
have both whereas Sunnis saw
that caliphs were not perfect
therefore caliphs represent
executive power and scholars
the religion.
•Opposition to Umayyad rule
(681-750) coalesced around the
family of the Prophet
Muhammad –Ali and his sons
Hassan and Husayn(also
grandsons of the prophet).

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Similarities
•Because of the unique
disposition of each
human being, it is
inevitable that there will
be different religious
interpretations
•Whilst Sunni and Shi’ite
Muslims have
differences, there are
also many similarities
amongst the two
groups

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Similarities
1.The Qur’an is accepted as the ultimate reference
2.The essentials of faith, the five pillars of Islam are the same
3.The objectivity of early Muslim scholars in preserving the sunnah
4.Islamic practices continued to be carried out in communal matters

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Practical Differences
Sunni Islam
1.Leadership in the Sunni orientation is
elected on the basis of competence
and leadership
2.Sources of Islamic Law come from
Qur’an, Hadith and scholarly
interpretations
3.There is a direct relationship between
God & human beings, and scholars
are nothing but interpreters of the
religion
Shi’ite Islam
1.In Shi’ite Islam, the leader of the community
should be a direct descendant of the Prophet
2.Shiite maintain their own collections of the
traditions, which include the Sunnah of the
Prophet and also those of Ali and the Imams.
Shiites also do not accept any narratives from
the majority of the companions of the Prophet.
3.Ali, and the other Imams were divinely inspired
and intermediaries between God and the
believers

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Practical Differences
Sunni Islam
4. General Islamic holidays such as
both Eidsand Ramadan are
celebrated
5. Sunni practice is centred on the
five pillars of Islam and the
associated practice of the Prophet.
Shi’ite Islam
4. Shi’ite Muslims celebrate the same
holidays Sunni Muslims do, however they
also celebrate the birthdays and mourn the
deaths of the Imams. They also mourn
Husayn’smartyrdom at Karbala.
5. In addition to daily prayers, Shiism has
developed dramatic recitations, passion
plays and street processions centring on
the tragedy of Karbala.

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Preservation of Islam
•Scholarly companions and their
gifted students stayed out of
politics and focused on teaching
Islam and preserving its spiritual
tradition.
•The Qur’an was put into a
volume early and hadith were
collected.
•All Islamic scholarly disciplines
have their foundation in this
period.
•Islam grew over time as people
converted at will as “there is no
compulsion in religion” (Qur’an,
2:256).

30. © ISRA AustraliaSlide 77
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