OT INSTRUMENTS used in operation theatre.

List of all the oT instruments

2. The majority of surgical instruments are made
up of stainless steel though some instruments
are made of titanium or vitallium---a cobalt
base alloy.
Stainless steel instruments are most commonly
used.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron ,chromium &
carbon.
It also contain nickel or manganese to add
tensile strength & also to prevent corrosion.

3. Carbon component of the stainless steel gives
the hardness. Chromium makes the stainless
steel resistant to corrosion.
Instruments must be used for the proposes
they are intended for.
Also necessary care should be taken before &
after the use of the instruments as per the
direction of their manufacturer.
Instruments are classified according to their
functions of use:

4. These instruments are used for incising or
dissecting tissues.
They have sharp edges.
They are also called sharp instruments because of
their sharp edges.
Sharp instruments are kept separated from the
other instruments.
These instruments needs caution handling to
prevent accidental cuts or injuries. During use.
These instruments never boiled or autoclave for
sterilization to protect their sharpness because heat
,especially moist heat destroy their sharpness &
make them blunt.

5. These instruments are sterilized by chemical
method-------keeping them submerged in
chemical solutions for a prescribed period.
a)Bard parker (BP) handle & blade.
b)Knife
c)Scalpel
d)Scissors

6. It is a handle to hold blades at the
distal end .
Its proximal end is flat & round.
It has a shaft.
Part of the shaft is serrated to have a
better grip.
Its distal end is narrow which has got
a slunt dent in which the blade is
fixed.
B.P handles vary in size.

7. BP blades also vary in size &
shapes.
The blades usually have curved
cutting edges .
Blades are held in dinner knife
position or writing position used for
incision on skin ,fascia ,muscles
,peritoneum etc.
Following are the sizes & shapes of
the blades.

8. No: 10 blade fits on B.P handle no. 3 ,7
& 9.it is most commonly used.
No: 11 blade has a straight cutting edge
,which ends to a sharp point ,it also fits
on B.P handle no. ,& & 9.
No:12 blade has a hook like shape with
the cutting edges on the inner
curvature. it also fits on BP handle no:
3 ,7 & 9.
No:15 blade has a smaller & shorter
curved cutting edge on the inner
curvature.
No:20 blade has a shape like no.10
blade ,bit it is bigger in size ,it fits on
BP handle no: 4.

9. It is like a kitchen knife
with usually a brass handle.
Its edge runs along one side
till the tip.
The tip is pointed or blunt.
Knives are used for cutting
or dissecting skin or
tissues.
There is special knife
which is called Humby's
or Blair’s knife.
These knife are specially
designed for obtaining a
skin graft.

10. Made of stainless steel. It
consists of a handle and stem,
on which is mounted and
adjustable roller.
It is used for taking split skin
grafts used for coverage of
raw surface composed of
healthy vascularized or clean
granulations to obtains
healing and limit deformity
and disability .

11. Scissors are used for cutting
the tissues in various
structures.
Scissors are used for cutting
sutures ,ligatures ,gauze
,dressing pads ,bandages etc.
Pointed tip scissor are also
used for removing sutures.

12. Scissors may be straight ,curved or angled
with blunt or pointed tips.
The handles may be short or long .
Different types of scissors are mentioned
below:
-Fine scissors are used to cut delicate tissues.
-Heavy scissors are used to cut tough tissues.
-Short shaft scissors are used for cutting
superficial structures or tissues.

13. Long shaft scissors are used to reach & cut
inner or under structures.
Sutures scissors have blunt tips to prevent cut
or injury on the body structures near suture.
These are used to cut suture or ligament after
stitching or ligating.
Dressing or bandage scissor are used to cut
gauze pieces ,dressing ,drains or plastic
packets.

14. Straight or curved pointed tip
scissors are used for
removing the sutures from
the surgical wound after its
healing.
angled tip scissors, with a blunt tip on
the bottom blade, which helps in
cutting bandages.
The bottom blade of the scissor is
longer and goes easily under the
bandages. The blunt tip design of the
scissor prevents accidental injury

15. These are the surgical scissors used to cut the
ends of catgut during scissors
They are small in size .

16. Mayo’s straight or curved scissors are smooth
at the tips & are used for cutting tissues &
internal organs.

17. Metzenbaum scissors
are surgical scissors
designed for cutting
delicate tissue. The
scissors come in
variable lengths and
have a relatively long
They are constructed
of tungsten carbide
blades can be curved or
straight. The blade tips
are blunt.

18. scissors designed for the
cutting of bandages that are
in place on the patient. The
blades take a 45°angle at
the pivot so that they can be
inserted under the bandage
and leave the knuckles of
the cutting hand clear of the
patient. The lower blade has
a rounded, blunt end to
facilitate entry under the
bandage without catching
the blade.

19. blunt-pointed,
curved or straight-
bladed, long-
handled scissors
designed for
thoracic surgery.

20. The McIndoes
ScissorStraight are
used in Tissue
Dissection

22. It is known as a sponge holder.
It is a heavy instrument which is
approximately 24-72 cm long.
Its shaft are long blades & are
fenestrated at the tips.
The inner sides blades are
serrated so as to provide a firm
grip on an object & prevent from
slipping.
It has a catch lock.

23. It is used for holding sponge & cleaning the site
of the operation or for deep mopping to clean or
swab blood in the cavity.
It is also used for packing body cavities such as
vagina.
It is used for separating tissues also.
It is again used to catch soft organs like ovary
,cervix etc.

24. This type of forceps has two flat shafts or
wings of approximately 5 inches long.
The wings or shafts are joined at the proximal
end.
The outer surface of the shaft are serrated to
allow a firm grip.
The distal end tips are pointed & are slightly
curved inward.
Dissecting forceps are of following types.

25. This is plain but pointed at
the tip. it is used for holding
soft structures like skin
,intestine etc while suturing
the incision or wound site.
This forcep has plain but
blunt tips used for holding
of smooth soft & broad
site while suturing,.

26. This forcep has pointed teeth
on the inner surface of the
tips. this forcep is used to
hold tough tissues such as
skin ,fascia ,rectal sheath etc
while suturing.
This is a plain dissecting
forceps without any teeth
at the tips. the tips are
pointed & curved inwards.

27. This is a plain dissecting
forceps which has two
pointed buttons on the
inner surface of one
wing.
It is used for major
operations.

28. Forceps are hinged instruments used to
hold an object that’s difficult to grasp in
place. There are hundreds of types of
forceps used in medicine, from surgery
to obstetrics to dentistry
These forceps are used for various
purpose.
It has a catch lock to bring the blade
together which when locked prevents
the blades from slipping on objects.
The inner surface of the blade are
serrated.
It is of various size & shape.
It can be straight & curved & used for
holding or clamping purpose.
Its tips is round or blunt.

29. This is small fine artery
forceps used for holding or
clamping or for biting or
grasping tissues. It has
serration at the tip. It may
have straight or curved tip.
It has straight but
short blades.

30. It is bent tip forceps to reach
blood vessels blocked by
other tissues. Artery forceps
are commonly made of
stainless steel, making them
easy to wash and sterilize.
It is designed like
moynigham artery
forcep but shorter.

31. Artery forceps are surgical instruments used
to close ruptured blood vessels The
instrument —also called a hemostat and,
more simply, a clamp —is one of modern
medicine’s most common tools. Artery
forceps are commonly used by medics and
civilian paramedics to save patients who are
in immediate danger of dying from massive
blood loss
This small fine artery
forcep is used to clamp
small bleeding point.
It has straight & long
blades.

32. hemostatic forceps may
be an effective as well as
safe alternative approach
for active GI bleeding of
various origins.
Kelly forceps are a type of usually
made of stainless steel. They resemble
a pair of scissors with the blade
replaced by a blunted grip. They also
feature a locking mechanism to allow
them to act as clamps.
Kelly forceps is used for surgery. They
may be either curved or straight. In
surgery, they may be used for occluding
blood vessels

33. This artery forcep has
toothed tip to catch hard
parts like rectal sheath or
bone.
It has long blades &
long tips too.

34. a two-bladed
instrument with
a handle for
compressing or
grasping tissues
in surgical
operations

35. This artery forceps
has a tip which is
bent at the right
angle of the shaft.
It is used for
separating or typing
blood vessels.

36. Tissue forceps are
used to hold tissues.
They are again
classified as :
-Lane ‘s tissue
forcep
-Allis tissue forcep
-Babcock’s tissue
forcep
-Sinus forcep

37. •It is like artery forceps but
have single pointed teeth
on either side of the inner
surface of serrated tip.
•This allow to hold the
small mass tissue or to
hold the edge of incision
•It has broad teeth & is
used for holding large
mass tissue.
•The teeth interlock on
closing the catch lock.

38. This forceps is used for
grasping of smooth
delicate tissue.
It has fenestrated jaws
to hold bowels or
fallopian tube.

39. It looks like a long artery
forceps.
It does not have the catch
lock
It is about 24 cm long with
rounded tip.
There is serration on the
inner surface of the blade.
It is used to plug cavities
such as nose ,ear or
abscess cavity.

40. It is large & heavy
forceps with curved
blades.
The inner surface of
the blades are serrated
which allows a firm
grip while holding
items.
It has no catch lock.

41. This forceps is used
for removing gall
bladder stone.
There is no lock
system
The tip is like sponge
holding forceps.

42. This instrument is
used to hold the needle
while suturing.
Its of two types:
a)Mayo’s needle holder
b)Gillies needle holder

43. It has got long handles & short
blades.
The inner surface of the blades
have cross serration to provide a
firm grip over the needle.
The serrated surface has a groove
to grasp the needle firmly.
The has a catch lock.
It has 1 long blade &
another short
blade.

44. These instruments
re used to retract the
wound edges &
expose the cavity.
These are again of
various types:
A)Manual retractor
B)Self retaining
retractors

45. These retractors are to
be held by hands & are of
different types:
1) Lagenback
retractors : it has got a
handle &a long flat shaft
which has a blade bent at
right angle at the tip of
the shaft.

46. It has got a handle & a
shaft.
The shaft has hook at the
tip .
It can be single or double
hook retractor
It has got a shaft angle.
The both ends of the shaft have blades
at the right angle.
This is used to hold back edges of the
wound or cavity to facility exposure or
retract strong structures like abdominal
walls.

47. It has broad &
curved blade at one
end of the shaft .
It used for deep
retraction.

48. It has fenestrated shaft.
There is a blade at right angle at one
tip.
The other tip has double hook bent
at right angle on the opposite side.
Abdominal retractoris a surgical
instrument by which a surgeon can
either actively separate the edges of
a surgical incision or wound, or can
hold back underlying organs and
tissues, so that body parts under the
incision may be accessed

49. Balfour’s self retaining
retractor
This is known as balfour’s self
retaining retractor.
It has special fittings for self
retaining.
It is used for retracting
abdominal cavity during
laparotomy.
Two small retracting blades are
attached to the ends of both the
metal clips.
The rods are curved at the tip to
give space.
The middle blade is detachable.
It is fitted at the centre with
screw.
It can be locked & adjustable.

50. Suture needle are
used to stitch the
edges of the wound.
A small, slender implement used
for sewing or surgical suturing,
made usually of polished steel and
having an eye at one end through
which a length of thread is passed
and held.

51. c) Swaged needle

52. a)Straight round body:
b)Curved round body: these are used for
suturing soft & delicate structures.
c)Straight cutting body: these are used for
suturing tough structures like skin ,fascia etc.
d)Curved cutting body: these needles are
pointed at the one end & the other end has an
eye.
e)Swaged needle : a needle with no eye,
having suture attached to a hollow end.

53. The towel clip is
used to hold & fix
the drapes in place
to make a sterile
surface.
a)Moynihan’s towel
clips
b)Mayo’s towel Clips
c)Backhaus small
towel clips

54. 1) Moyniham’s tetra
clips
2) Mayo’s towel clips
towel clips are Used to fix drapes to
tissue with minimal trauma.

55. 3) Doyen’s towel clip 4) Backhaus small
towel clip

56. It has a handle & a
hook at the tip.
The tip of the hook
is blunt & has a eye.
The eye hold is used
to carry the ligatures
to separate a blood
vessels & ligate.

57. It is a long
instrument.
There is an eye hold
at the proximal end.
The distal end is
smooth & round.
It is used to
introduce into the
depth of a cavity.

58. Canula is a hollow
instruments with a sharp
trocars which fits into the
lumen of the canula.
It is used for abdominal
paracentasis
The trocar & canula is
introduced together.
The sharp pointed tip of a
trocar punctures the site.
Then the tocar is removed.
The canula is retained
through which the fluid is
drained out.

59. It is a metal suction
tip attached to the
suction apparatus
through a long
rubber tube.
It is used for suction
of the blood etc at
the operation site
during surgery.