Other Systemic Infectionssssss PPTX.pptx

Other Systemic Infections

1. MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

2. MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

3. COLO, ANGELICA NIÑA V. BSEd -Science 3 Pre-Service Teacher

4. CLASS POLICIES Be on time to class. Be prepared to take notes. Raise your hand to speak. Dress appropriately. No using of cellphones unless instructed.

5. ATTENDANCE Say “PRESENT” if your name is called

6. LET’S REVIEW What is Viral Exanthems? 2. What are the causes of this exanthems?   Knowledge Check!

7. REMINDER If the member cannot answer the question you have no points. The team who gain a lot of points Will be given a corresponding points in their evaluation. Let’s Energize INSTRUCTION The class will be divided into two. Each group will undergo different obstacle. At the end of the obstacle, the member will pop 1 balloon and answer the question given. This will continue until there’s no balloons left. CRAZY ESCAPE

8. CRAZY ESCAPE Let’s Energize Crazy Escape

9. Other Systemic Infections

10. OBJECTIVES Describe the characteristics of the causative organisms of each systemic infection; Value the appropriate laboratory diagnosis and treatment of each infection; and Create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast dengue fever and chikungunya based on etiology, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, and prevention.

11. ACTIVITY CHAIN OF INFECTION

12. ACTIVITY Materials: Cartolina Oil Pastel or Coloring Materials Pentel pen Pencil

13. ACTIVITY Procedure: The class will be divided into two groups. Each group will have an assigned topic. Group 1: Dengue Fever Group 2: Chikungunya Create a chain like cycle using your pentel pen.  Refer to the example on the whiteboard.

14. ACTIVITY Use the example on the board as your basis for making your activity. Use your creativity by drawing out your ideas in every circle of the chain. Choose one representative in your group and discuss your answer in front of the class substantively.

15. ACTIVITY

16. RUBRIC CRITERIA 4 3 2 1 Content Presentation had an exceptional amount of valuable material and was extremely beneficial to the class. Presentation had a good amount of material and benefited the class. Presentation had moments were valuable material was present but as a whole content was lacking. Presentation contained little to no valuable material. Collaboration The teammates always worked from others’ ideas. It was evident that all of the group members contributed equally to the presentation. The teammates worked from others’ ideas most of the time. And it seems like every did some work, but some people are carrying the presentation The teammates sometimes worked from others’ ideas. However, it seems as though certain people did not do as much work as others. The teammates never worked from others’ ideas. It seems as though only a few people worked on the presentation. Presentation   Presenters were all very confident in delivery and they did an excellent job of engaging the class. Preparation is very evident. Presenters were occasionally confident with their presentation however the presentation was not as engaging as it could have been for the class. Presenters were not consistent with the level of confidence/ preparedness they showed the classroom but had some strong moments. Presenters were unconfident and demonstrated little evidence of planning prior to presentation.

17. ANALYSIS 1. What did you find out doing the activity? 2. Based on the activity, how can you define Dengue Fever? 3. How about Chikungunya?

18. 01 OTHER SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS This infections affect the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part. FOR EXAMPLE: Systemic Disorders – High blood and Flu

19. What are the Other Systemic Infections?

20. 02 DENGUE FEVER The incidence is highest during the rainy season because the vector, Aedes aegypti which is a household mosquito, lays its eggs in clean stagnant water

21. 03 ETIOLOGIC AGENT Dengue fever is caused by Dengue virus under the family Flaviviridae (historically classified as Arboviruses).

22. 04 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Dengue fever is transmitted through the bite of a female mosquito known as Aedes aegypti which is the more effective vector in urban areas or cities.

23. 05 CLINICAL FINDINGS This is manifested by abrupt onset of high- grade fever for 3 to 6 days which then subsides and reappears after 2 to 3 days.

24. 06 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis is mainly Based on the clinical Manifestations and blood picture of the patient. Detection of viral nucleic acid and antigens can be achieved with the use of PCR .

25. 07 TREATMENT Vaccine Management of the infection is supportive care.

26. 08 PREVENTION CONTROL D estroying the breeding places of the mosquito Applying mosquito repellants, wearing thick clothing, and screening windows and doors.

27. 09 CHIKUNGUNYA It is similar to dengue fever based on benign clinical syndrome of break-bone fever, but without retro-orbital pain and only mild headache.

28. 09

29. DENGUE FEVER AND CHIKUNGUNYA   Features Dengue Fever Chikungunya Etiology Dengue Virus - Flavivirus Alphavirus - Flavivirus Vector Aedes aegypti (rural) Aedes albopictus (urban) Aedes aegypti (rural) Aedes albopictus (urban) Incubation Period 2-7 days 2-4 days Age Group All ages All ages %Symptomatic 20%-60% 70% Symptoms Fever Headache Rash Retroorbital pain Joint pain Present Severe Present Present Present Present Mild Present Absent More severe Sequelae DHF or DSS Crippling Arthritis Vaccine Yes None Table 24.1 Comparison between dengue Fever and chikungunya  

30. 10 ZIKA Zika virus infections are already in existence in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands .

31. 11 ETIOLOGY Zika is caused by the Zika virus under the family Flaviviridae. It is single stranded RNA virus with an envelope.

32. 12 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Bite of mosquito Mother to fetus Sexual Contact Blood Transfusion

33. 13 CLINICAL FINDINGS Zika does not cause any symptoms or may cause only mild symptoms that may last for several days to a week.

34. 14 TREATMENT & PREVENTION There is no treatment for Zika. The treatment is supportive like rest and plenty of fluids.

35. 15 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS The causative agent is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded, enveloped DNA virus under the family of Herpesviridae. The virus causes an opportunistic infection in the tongue and mouth (hairy cell oral leukoplakia) in AIDS patients.

36. 16 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS It is primarily transmitted Through the exchange of saliva, hence, the infection is also known as “kissing disease.”

37. 16 INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS EBV is primarily transmitted through the exchange of saliva, hence, the infection is also known as “kissing disease.”

38. 17 CLINICAL FINDINGS The incidence is highest among adolescents and young adults.

39. 18 DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis can be obtained by hematologic examination which shows lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes known as Downey cells. Detection of antibodies against the viral capsid antigen is an important diagnostic tool .

40. 19 TREATMENT & PREVENTION There is no specific antiviral drug or vaccine for EBV.

41. 20 CYTOMEGALO- VIRUS INFECTION It causes enlargement of the infected cells (cytomegaly), Infections with this virus are common, primarily affecting newborns, normal healthy adults, and immunocompromised individuals.

42. 21 CYTOMEGALO- VIRUS INFECTION The virus can be transmitted through: Oral route Sexual contact Tissue transplantation Blood transfusion.

43. 21 CYTOMEGALO- VIRUS INFECTION The virus can be transmitted through the oral route, sexual contact, tissue transplantation, and blood transfusion.

44. 22 CLINICAL SYNDROMES Approximately 90% of cases are asymptomatic. The remaining 10% present with congenital Abnormalities such as microcephaly, mental retardation, visual defects, like cataract, deafness, rash, and congenital heart defect .

45. 23 INFECTION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS CMV commonly causes chorioretinitis (common in AIDS patients), encephalitis, pneumonia, and esophagitis. CMV is a common in bone marrow transplant patients.

46. 24 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 1. Histological examination of tissues and urine. Specific intracellular inclusion bodies called “owl’s eye” inclusions are histologic hallmarks of CMV infection. 2. Culture in fibroblast cells. 3. Serological detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to CMV antigens.

47. 25 TREATMENT & PREVENTION The drug recommended for CMV is GANCICLOVIR. An alternative drug is FOSCARNET. CMV infections can be prevented by using mechanical barriers like condoms .

48. 26 RICKETTSIAL INFECTION Transmitted by the bite of arthropods like ticks, mites, lice, and fleas except for Q fever, which is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols.

49. 27 SIX GROUPS Typhus Group Spotted Fever Group Traditional Group Q Fever Trench Fever 6. Ehrlichiosis

50. 28 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Very small size (0.3 x 1-2 um) 2. Have gram-negative cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, muramic acid, and diaminopimelic acid 3. Stain poorly with Gram stain but stain well wing Giemsa or Gimenez stain 4. Pleomorphic-cocci or short bacilli

51. 29 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 5. Obligate intracellular parasites 6. Transmitted by arthropod vector except Q fever 7. Easily destroyed by heating, dyeing, and bactericidal agents like tetracycline 8. Growth enhanced by sulfonamides

52. ACTIVITY Table 24.3 Clinical Diseases associated with Rickettsiae

53. 31 TYPHUS GROUP 1. Epidemic Typhus (Louse-borne Typhus ) The etiologic agent is Rickettsia prowazekil and is transmitted through the bite of LICE. 2. Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus) The etiologic agent is Rickettsia typhi which is transmitted by the bite of a FLEA.

54. 32 TYPHUS GROUP 3. Scrub Typhus The causative organism is Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly known as Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). This is transmitted through the bite of MITES .

55. 32 TYPHUS GROUP 3. Scrub Typhus The causative organism is Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly known as Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). This is transmitted through the bite of mites .

56. 30 SPOTTED FEVER Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever The causative agent is Rickettsia rickettsii and is transmitted through the bite of TICKS. This is common in the mountainous areas of the United States .

57. 33 TRADITIONAL GROUP Rickettsialpox The etiologic agent is Rickettsia akari and is transmitted through the bite of MITES. It is a mild disease resembling Varicella .

58. 33 TRADITIONAL GROUP Rickettsialpox The etiologic agent is Rickettsia akari and is transmitted through the bite of mites. It is a mild disease resembling Varicella .

59. 34 Q FEVER The etiologic agent Coxiella burnetti , transmitted by inhalation of dust containing the ORGANISM OR AEROSOLS.

60. 35 It is also known as 5 days fever is a moderately serious disease transmitted by BODY LICE. It is caused by a vector borne disease primarily transmitted by the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus . TRENCH FEVER

61. 35 The disease is caused by Ehrlichia sennetsu for Sennetsu Fever and Ehrlichia chaffeensis for Human Ehrlichiosis. It is an illness you get from a thick bite. EHRLICHIOSIS

62. 36 OTHER TRADITIONAL GROUP Leptospirosis Etiologic Agent Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete Leptospira interrogans . .

63. 36 TRADITIONAL GROUP Leptospirosis Etiologic Agent Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete Leptospira interrogans . .

64. 37 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Since leptospira excreted with urine can contaminate water and soil, it is commonly acquired when the organism enters through breaks in the skin or mucous membrane by wading or swimming in contaminated water.

65. 38 CLINICAL SYNDROME Leptospirosis is a biphasic infection. It initially presents flu-like symptoms of fever, severe headache, myalgia, and chills.

66. 39 LABORATORY DIAGNOSES Leptospira cannot be stained with dyes but can be visualized using darkfield microscopy. Aside from the clinical findings, diagnosis is confirmed by an increase in agglutinating antibodies .

67. 40 TREATMENT PREVENTION CONTROL The recommended drug is PENICILLIN. There has been no reported development of resistance to the drug to date .

68. 41 LYME DISEASE Etiologic Agent Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a flexible spirochete with coarse, irregular coils. It is transmitted through the bite of infected TICKS.

69. 45 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Borrelia burgdorferi can be stained with Giemsa or silver stains and can be visualized by darkfield microscopy. Transmitted through the bites of transmitted ticks.

70. 43 CLINICAL FINDINGS Lyme disease is a progressing disease divided into three stages. First Stage - painless, circular red rash known as erythema chronicum migrans Second Stage - manifests as myocarditis or pericarditis, aseptic meningitis, Bell’s palsy, and neuropathies.

71. 44 CLINICAL FINDINGS 3. Third stage - is manifested by arthritis involving the large joints like the knees and a progressive chronic involvement of the central nervous system.

72. 46 TREATMENT & PREVENTION For mild infections, effective treatment involves AMOXICILLIN OR DOXYCYCLINE. For late-stage infections, the more effective drug is PENICILLIN G OR CEFTRIAXONE.

73. 42 RELAPSING FEVER Etiologic Agent Borrelia recurrentis is the major etiologic agent for Relapsing Fever. It is a bacterial infection that cause recurring Bouts of fever, headache, muscle and joint aches and nausea.

74. 47 MODE OF TRANSMISSION Relapsing fever is transmitted from one person to another through the bite of the human body louse (Pediculus bumanus ).

75. 48 CLINICAL FINDINGS During the bite, the vector introduces the organism into the skin and multiplies in the tissues. The infection initially manifests as fever, headache, and chills .

76. 49 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS The best time for collecting specimen is during the height of the fever where the spirochete justis always present. Culture using special media is also useful in the diagnosis.

77. 50 TREATMENT & PREVENTION An effective drug in the treatment of early infection and prevention of relapses is TETRACYCLINE. Avoidance of areas infested by arthropod vectors and protection from bites are important in preventing infection.

78. LET’S GENERALIZE What are flaviviruses and arthropod-borne infections acquired through bite of mosquitos? Dengue Fever Chikungunya Zika

79. LET’S GENERALIZE Discuss the mode of transmission of infections by citing one infection. How can you prevent this different infection’s?

80. LET’S GENERALIZE What are the six groups Rickettsial infections? Typhus Group Spotted Fever Group Traditional Group Q Fever Trench Fever 6. Ehrlichiosis

81. LET’S APPLY Vaccination is a good strategy for containing the spread of disease. For a vaccination program to be successful, it depends on herd immunity. If the majority of a population is vaccinated, not only are those people kept safe, but viruses cannot spread between immunized people.

82. LET’S APPLY The immunized people provide a barrier that stops the infection from spreading to others in the group.

83. LET’S APPLY If only a few people are vaccinated, this will help them avoid infection, but it will not protect the group. Questions: 1. How vaccination is important? 2. How do it affects the body of a person? 3. Is it good or bad in our body?

84. EVALUATION Instruction: I will read the question once. After I read the question you have 10 seconds to select the best answer. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of yellow paper.

85. EVALUATION Test I 1. Lyme diseases is caused by _________ _______? a. Leptospira interrogans b. Borrelia burgdorferi c. Coxiella burnetti d. Orientia tsutsugamushi

86. EVALUATION 2. This causative organism Orientia tsutsugamushi is formerly known as ______ ________? a. Leptospira interrogans b. Borrelia Burgdorferi c. Coxiella Burnetti d. Rickettsia tsutsugumushi

87. EVALUATION 3. _______ is a major etiologic agent for Relapsing Fever. a. Borrelia recurrentis b. Borrelia Burgdorferi c. Coxiella Burnetti d. Rickettsia tsutsugumushi

88. EVALUATION 4. The _______ group is characterized by rashes that appear first on the extremities, with involvement of the palms and soles. a. Traditional Group b. Spotted Fever Group c. Typhus Group d. Q fever Group

89. EVALUATION 5. The following are the characteristics of Rickettsial Infections except for: a. Growth enhanced by sulfonamides b. Obligate intracellular parasites c. There is no specific antiviral drug d. Pleomorphic – cocci or short bacilli

90. EVALUATION 6. This is associated with a recrudescent infection known as ______? a. Louse-borne Typhus b. Murine Typhus c. Brill- Zinser Diseases d. Brill-Zinsser Diseases

91. EVALUATION 7. For mild infections, effective treatment involves __________ a. Amoxicillin or Mefenamic b. Amoxicillin or Doxycycline c. Amoxicillin or penicillin d. Penicillin or ceftriaxone

92. EVALUATION 8. For late-stage infections, the more effective drug is _______ a. Amoxicillin or Mefenamic b. Amoxicillin or Doxycycline c. Amoxicillin or penicillin d. Penicillin or ceftriaxone

93. EVALUATION 9. The _____­­­___ group is also characterized by maculopapular rashes that are prominent in the trunk and extremities with sparing of the palms and soles. a. Traditional Group b. Spotted Fever Group c. Typhus Group d. Q fever Group

94. EVALUATION 10. ______ is a virus infection that are already in existence in Southeast Asia, Africa and the pacific Islands. a. Zika b. Etiology c. Flavivirus d. Alphavirus

95. EVALUATION Test II 10-15. Provide your own solution or idea on how to mitigate and avoid this other systemic Infections in your Barangay.   15-20. Create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast dengue fever and chikungunya based on etiology, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, and prevention.  

96. ASSIGNMENT Have an advance reading about “Applied and Industrial Microbiology” and answer the question below. Make a diagram or matrix on different other systemic infections.

97. THANK YOU